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PSYC 1011 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

The study of how behaviour changes over one’s lifespan

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2
Q

What is the post hoc fallacy?

A

A logical error where one assumes that A causes B because A came before B.

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3
Q

What do bidirectional influences suggest?

A

Development and experiences influence each other, considered a “two-way street”

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4
Q

What does a cross-sectional design examine and compare?

A

People of different ages at a single point in time

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5
Q

What does a longitudinal design examine?

A

The development of the same group of people over time

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6
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a cross-sectional design?

A

Advantage: quick, cheap, and easy
Disadvantage: cohort effects - people who lived in different time periods may affect data

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7
Q

What is an advantage and a disadvantage of a longitudinal design?

A

Advantage: establishes patterns of development
Disadvantage: attrition - participants can drop out of the study before completion and can affect results systematically

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8
Q

Why is the nature-nurture debate still relevant?

A

Both are important in shaping development and it isn’t “either-or”

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9
Q

What are the 3 Nature-Nurture intersections?

A
  1. Gene-environment interactions - the impact of genes on behaviour is dependent on the environment where it develops
  2. Nature via nurture - genetic predispositions can drive us to search for and create our environments
  3. Gene expression - genes activate or deactivate depending on environmental experiences throughout development
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10
Q

What is a zygote

A

A sperm cell that fertilizes an egg

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11
Q

When do the most dramatic changes in prenatal development occur?

A

The earliest stages of pregnancy, aka conception

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12
Q

After conception, what are the 3 next stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. Germinal stage
  2. Embryonic stage
  3. Fetal stage
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13
Q

What happens in the germinal stage of prenatal development?

A

The zygote divides to form blastocyst, cells continue to divide for the next 10-ish days

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14
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

A

Cells begin to assume different functions and form into limbs, facial features, and major organs (e.g. brain & heart)

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15
Q

What happens in the fetal stage of development?

A

Major organs are established, heart begins beating, fetus continues physical maturation

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16
Q

Between what period of time do neurons grow at an incredible rate?

A

Day 18 - 6th month

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17
Q

Up to how many neurons per minute do they proliferate?

A

250,000

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18
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

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19
Q

What are some examples of teratogens?

A

Smoking, drugs, chicken pox, x-rays, anxiety, depression

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20
Q

What are 2 potential obstacles to development besides teratogens?

A
  1. Genetic disruptions, can be from disorders or errors in cell division
  2. Prematurity, being born before 36 weeks
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21
Q

What are motor behaviours?

A

Bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves bones and muscles

22
Q

We are born with a large set of reflexes, which include sucking and rooting reflexes. What is this also known as?

A

Automatic motor behaviours

23
Q

What is motor development influenced by?

A

Physical maturity and cultural and parenting practices

24
Q

In which part of adolescence plays a large role in hormonal release of estrogens and androgens?

A

Puberty

25
Q

What are the 3 ways that the theories of cognitive development can differ?

A
  1. Stage-like vs. gradual changes in understanding
  2. Domain-general vs. domain-specific
  3. Principal source of learning
26
Q

Who presented the first complete account of cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget

27
Q

What did Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggest?

A

Children use assimilation to acquire knowledge within a stage, and accommodation forces change between stages when assimilation cannot acquire new information

28
Q

What are the 4 stages outlined in Piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operations
  4. Formal operations
29
Q

At what age and what happens in the sensorimotor stage? (Piaget)

A

Birth-2 yrs.
Children only know what they see, have no object permanence and deferred immitation

30
Q

At what age and what happens in the preoperational stage? (Piaget)

A

2-7 yrs.
Has object permanence but egocentric, doesn’t see others’ perspective

31
Q

At what age and what happens in the concrete operational stage? (Piaget)

A

7-11 yrs.
Can perform mental operations from actual events and conservation tasks, but can’t perform mental operations and need physical experience

32
Q

At what age and what happens in the formal operations stage? (Piaget)

A

11 yrs. to adulthood
Ability to perform hypothetical reasoning and using logic in new situations

33
Q

What are some pros of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Still influential to this day, helped change how we think about cognitive development (e.g. children and adults think differently, learning is active)

34
Q

What are some cons of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Development is more continuous and less general, underestimated children’s competence, culturally biased

35
Q

What did Lev Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development focus on?

A

Social influences, scaffolding (parents structure environments for learning before slowly removing it), zone of proximal development for learning

36
Q

Which lobes in the brain don’t fully mature until late adolescence or early adulthood?

A

Frontal lobes, responsible for planning, decision making, impulse control

37
Q

At what age does stranger anxiety start and when does it peak?

A

Starts at 8-9 months, peaks at 12-15 months

38
Q

What are the 3 major styles of temperament?

A
  1. Easy (40%)
  2. Difficult (10%)
  3. Slow-to-warm up (15%)
39
Q

What is attachment?

A

An emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

40
Q

What are the 4 attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure attachment (60%)
  2. Insecure-avoidant attachment (15-20%)
  3. Insecure-anxious attachment (15-20%)
  4. Disorganized attachment (5-10%)
41
Q

What are the 4 styles of parenting?

A
  1. Permissive - lenient, little discipline, very affectionate
  2. Authoritarian - very strict, punishing, little affection
  3. Authoritative - supportive, but set clear and firm limits
  4. Uninvolved - neglectful and ignoring
42
Q

What matters most when it comes to parenting styles?

A

Whether or not a parent is toxic or a child is genetically predisposed towards impulsivity or violent behaviour

43
Q

What are some examples of parenting issues?

A
  • Influence of peers vs. parents on social development
  • Fathers differ from mothers in parenting style (more of a playmate as less time is spent with babies)
44
Q

About how much difference is there from opposite-sex from same-sex couples in childhood development?

A

No clear difference

45
Q

What is the main challenge adolescents face when developing?

A

Identity - who they are, their goals and priorities

46
Q

What did Erikson develop and propose to explain identity development?

A

8 Virtues Gathered by Adulthood

47
Q

What are the 8 virtues gathered by adulthood that Erikson outlines and when do they take form?

A
  1. Hope (trust vs. mistrust) - infancy
  2. Determination/Will (autonomy vs. doubt) - early childhood
  3. Purpose (initiation vs. guilt) - play age
  4. Competence (industry vs. inferiority) - school age
  5. Fidelity (identity vs. role confusion) - teens
  6. Love (intimacy vs. isolation) - young adulthood
  7. Care (generativity vs. stagnation) - adulthood
  8. Wisdom (ego integrity vs. despair) - old age
48
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

Sex - biological status
Gender - psychological characteristics

49
Q

How do biological factors influence gender differences?

A

Which toys are played with, sex segregation during play

50
Q

How do social influences play a role in gender development?

A

Encouraging and expecting certain types of behaviour

51
Q

What did Kohlberg’s Moral Development focus on?

A

Used several moral problems to see what principles people used to solve them

52
Q

What are the 3 major stages of Kohlber’s Moral Development?

A

PSYC 1011 (9 decks)

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