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Human anatomy > Human anatomy exam 3 Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Human anatomy exam 3 Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

to supply oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What does respiration consist of?

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • external respiration
  • internal respiration
  • respiratory defense system
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3
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation (respiration and expiration) consist of?

A

-minute ventilation which is volume of gas inspired and expired per minute

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4
Q

what does external respiration consist of?

A
  • the oxygen from the lungs to the blood

- carbon dioxide from tissue to the blood

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5
Q

what does internal respiration consist of?

A
  • oxygen going from blood to the tissues

- carbon dioxide from tissues to the blood

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6
Q

what does the respiratory defense system consist of?

A
  • nasal hair filtration
  • mucous escalator
  • alveolar macrophge
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7
Q

what are the principal organs of the respiratory system consist of?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • Primary and secondary bronchi
  • Lungs
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8
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A
  • by diffusion and having very thin alveolar/capillary barriers
  • highly soluble gases
  • and the driving pressures present to move oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • velocity of air flow must be low in order to allow for the equilibration of gas
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9
Q

There are 6 layers in the gas exchange interfacce what are they

A

1) fluid layer of surfactant on inner surface of the alveolus
2) alveolar epithelium
3) interstial space (fluid filled)
4) Capillary endothelium
5) plasma in capillaries
6) Red blood cell membrane

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10
Q

what does intrapulmonary pressure consist of?

A
  • alveolar pressure
  • is the pressure recorded within the lungs
  • Reflects what the lungs are doing
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11
Q

What does intrapleural pressure consist of

A
  • aka intrathoracic pressure
  • pressure within the intrapleural cavity
  • reflects what the chest wall is doing
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12
Q

what are the gas laws of pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • boyles
  • charles
  • daltons
  • ideal gas law
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13
Q

what are the inspiratory muscles?

A

-the active diagphram and the external intercostals

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14
Q

What does the expiratory do? and with what muscles?

A

-forced expiratory with the use of the internal intercostals

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15
Q

what neural control centers are involved with pulmonary ventilation?

A
  • Respiratory control centers
  • Afferent connects to the brainstem
  • Voluntary control
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16
Q

What does the respiratory control center include?

A
  • pons

- medulla oblongata

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17
Q

what does the pons do for the respiratory?

A
  • the pneumotaxic inhibits the inspiratory center

- apneustic stimulates the inspiratory center

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18
Q

What does the medulla oblongata in the respiratory control center?

A
  • rhythmic impulse and stimulatates contraction on inspiratory muscles
  • ventral respiratory group stimulates the muscles for expiration
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19
Q

The hypothalamus and limbic system are affiliated with the afferent connections to the brainstem, what do they do?

A

-sends signal to the respiratory center

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20
Q

what do the chemoreceptors affiliated with the afferent connections to the brainstem do?

A

-they monitor the ph and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

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21
Q

what does the central nerve 10 associated witht eh afferent connections to the brainstem do?

A
  • Vagus nerve

- sends sensory signals when irritated by smoke, and dust etc

22
Q

What are the patterns of breathing? (4 of them )

A
  • Apnea
  • Dyspnea
  • Eupnea
  • Hypemea
23
Q

What is apnea breathing?

A

temporary cessation “skipped” breath sleep apnea

24
Q

What is Dyspnea breathing?

A

labored breathing and shortness of breath

25
Q

What is Eupnea breathing?

A

normal relaxed quite breathing

26
Q

What is hypemea breathing?

A

increased rate of breath and depthin response to exercise and pain

27
Q

What is tachypnea?

A

accelerated respiration

28
Q

What is Tidal volume (TV)?

and approx how much? and when does this increase?

A

volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath

  • approx 500 ml
  • can increase during exercise
29
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

-amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal inspiration

30
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

amount of air that can be exhaled after normal tidal expiration

31
Q

what is residual volume? in who does this usually increase and why?

A
  • the volume of air in lungs after maximal exhpiration

- increases in elderly due to decreased elastic recoil and mobility of chest wall

32
Q

How do you measure Vital capacity (VC)?

A

TV+IRV+ERV= VC

33
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

the max volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration

34
Q

How do you calculate inspiratory capacity (IRC)

A

TV+IRV= IRC

35
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

the max volume of air that can be inhaled after maximal exhalation

36
Q

How do you calculate Functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

ERV + RV =FRC

37
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

-the resting volume of the lung

38
Q

how do you calculate Total lunc capacity (TLC)?

A

VC+RV= TLC

39
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

total volume of air in lungs when maximally inflated

40
Q

what is the direction of diffusion dependent upon?

A

Partial pressures

41
Q

what is the total pressure of gases in the lung equal to?

A

it is equal to the ambient barometric pressure

42
Q

which is higher ? barometric pressure or alveolar oxygen pressure?

A

barometric is higher then alveolar oxygen

43
Q

Why is the barometric pressure higher then alveolar oxygen?

A

because water vapor dilutes air and carbon dioxide dilutes the air

44
Q

how is oxygen transported?

A

-bound to hemoglobin

45
Q

how is oxygen unloading based upon?

A
  • the ambient partial pressure of the oxygen
  • the temperature
  • bohr effects which is unloading in response to low ph
46
Q

what is the relationship between the hb oxygen binding affitinity and the acidity and partial pressure of oxygen?

A

inverse relationship,

- the binding of hydrogen ions to hb reduces the bonding ability of oxygen to hb

47
Q

how do the charges on solutions stay neutral?

A

through the hamburger shift where chloride ions replaces the bicarbonate ions

48
Q

what are some types of lung disease?

A
  • Restrictive

- Obstructive

49
Q

What does restrictive disease cause?

A
  • mechanical problems that alters elastic recoil of lungs
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • decrease in VC, TLC, FRC, Rv
50
Q

What does obstructive diseases cause?

A
  • blockage of airways
  • asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis
  • Increase in FRC, RV , TLC and a decrease in VC

Human anatomy (9 decks)

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