Human anatomy exam 3 Chapter 23 Flashcards
what is the function of the respiratory system?
to supply oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
What does respiration consist of?
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- internal respiration
- respiratory defense system
What does pulmonary ventilation (respiration and expiration) consist of?
-minute ventilation which is volume of gas inspired and expired per minute
what does external respiration consist of?
- the oxygen from the lungs to the blood
- carbon dioxide from tissue to the blood
what does internal respiration consist of?
- oxygen going from blood to the tissues
- carbon dioxide from tissues to the blood
what does the respiratory defense system consist of?
- nasal hair filtration
- mucous escalator
- alveolar macrophge
what are the principal organs of the respiratory system consist of?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- Primary and secondary bronchi
- Lungs
how does gas exchange occur?
- by diffusion and having very thin alveolar/capillary barriers
- highly soluble gases
- and the driving pressures present to move oxygen and carbon dioxide
- velocity of air flow must be low in order to allow for the equilibration of gas
There are 6 layers in the gas exchange interfacce what are they
1) fluid layer of surfactant on inner surface of the alveolus
2) alveolar epithelium
3) interstial space (fluid filled)
4) Capillary endothelium
5) plasma in capillaries
6) Red blood cell membrane
what does intrapulmonary pressure consist of?
- alveolar pressure
- is the pressure recorded within the lungs
- Reflects what the lungs are doing
What does intrapleural pressure consist of
- aka intrathoracic pressure
- pressure within the intrapleural cavity
- reflects what the chest wall is doing
what are the gas laws of pulmonary ventilation?
- boyles
- charles
- daltons
- ideal gas law
what are the inspiratory muscles?
-the active diagphram and the external intercostals
What does the expiratory do? and with what muscles?
-forced expiratory with the use of the internal intercostals
what neural control centers are involved with pulmonary ventilation?
- Respiratory control centers
- Afferent connects to the brainstem
- Voluntary control
What does the respiratory control center include?
- pons
- medulla oblongata
what does the pons do for the respiratory?
- the pneumotaxic inhibits the inspiratory center
- apneustic stimulates the inspiratory center
What does the medulla oblongata in the respiratory control center?
- rhythmic impulse and stimulatates contraction on inspiratory muscles
- ventral respiratory group stimulates the muscles for expiration
The hypothalamus and limbic system are affiliated with the afferent connections to the brainstem, what do they do?
-sends signal to the respiratory center
what do the chemoreceptors affiliated with the afferent connections to the brainstem do?
-they monitor the ph and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
what does the central nerve 10 associated witht eh afferent connections to the brainstem do?
- Vagus nerve
- sends sensory signals when irritated by smoke, and dust etc
What are the patterns of breathing? (4 of them )
- Apnea
- Dyspnea
- Eupnea
- Hypemea
What is apnea breathing?
temporary cessation “skipped” breath sleep apnea
What is Dyspnea breathing?
labored breathing and shortness of breath
What is Eupnea breathing?
normal relaxed quite breathing
What is hypemea breathing?
increased rate of breath and depthin response to exercise and pain
What is tachypnea?
accelerated respiration
What is Tidal volume (TV)?
and approx how much? and when does this increase?
volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath
- approx 500 ml
- can increase during exercise
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
-amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal inspiration
what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be exhaled after normal tidal expiration
what is residual volume? in who does this usually increase and why?
- the volume of air in lungs after maximal exhpiration
- increases in elderly due to decreased elastic recoil and mobility of chest wall
How do you measure Vital capacity (VC)?
TV+IRV+ERV= VC
what is vital capacity?
the max volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration
How do you calculate inspiratory capacity (IRC)
TV+IRV= IRC
What is inspiratory capacity?
the max volume of air that can be inhaled after maximal exhalation
How do you calculate Functional residual capacity (FRC)?
ERV + RV =FRC
What is functional residual capacity?
-the resting volume of the lung
how do you calculate Total lunc capacity (TLC)?
VC+RV= TLC
What is total lung capacity?
total volume of air in lungs when maximally inflated
what is the direction of diffusion dependent upon?
Partial pressures
what is the total pressure of gases in the lung equal to?
it is equal to the ambient barometric pressure
which is higher ? barometric pressure or alveolar oxygen pressure?
barometric is higher then alveolar oxygen
Why is the barometric pressure higher then alveolar oxygen?
because water vapor dilutes air and carbon dioxide dilutes the air
how is oxygen transported?
-bound to hemoglobin
how is oxygen unloading based upon?
- the ambient partial pressure of the oxygen
- the temperature
- bohr effects which is unloading in response to low ph
what is the relationship between the hb oxygen binding affitinity and the acidity and partial pressure of oxygen?
inverse relationship,
- the binding of hydrogen ions to hb reduces the bonding ability of oxygen to hb
how do the charges on solutions stay neutral?
through the hamburger shift where chloride ions replaces the bicarbonate ions
what are some types of lung disease?
- Restrictive
- Obstructive
What does restrictive disease cause?
- mechanical problems that alters elastic recoil of lungs
- pulmonary fibrosis
- decrease in VC, TLC, FRC, Rv
What does obstructive diseases cause?
- blockage of airways
- asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis
- Increase in FRC, RV , TLC and a decrease in VC
