Chapter 18 Endocrine system Flashcards
What is the underlying concept of physiology that allows the human body to stay within the “Norms”
Negative and positive feedback
and Homeostasis
What is considered normal blood pressure? Heart Rate? Respiratory rate? Body temp? Glucose levels? Sodium Syrium?
Blood pressure = 120/80 Heart rate = 60-80 Respiratory rate 12-18 breaths per min Body temp = 36.6 C - 37.5 C Glucose Lvl = 59 to 105 Sodium Syrium = 135-145 mg/L
Definition of Homeostasis
A property of cells, tissues and organs that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stabilility and allows for the consistency that is needed in order to function properly
What organ systems are closely related in performing the function of Homeostasis?
Endocrine and nervous system
How does the nervous system respond to a stimulus?
By action potential on a pathway to a target cell
How does the endocrine system respond to a stimulus?
Info will travel through the bloodstream through hormones to a target cell
Is the endocrine or nervous faster when it comes to responding to a stimulus? and why?
Nervous system is faster due to myelination and endocrine is slower due to the hormones having to be synthesized and transcribed
How long does the effect of the endocrine or nervous system usually take?
Nervous system effect is brief on a very specific target
Endocrine is longer and influence is broader
Every hormone in the Body has a target cell… True or false
True
Some aspects of the endocrine system are?
- A system of ductless glands
- Produced by specific organs
What are the organs of the endocrine system (7 main organs)
- Hypothalamus
- Pituatary gland
- Thyroid
- Adrenal Gland
- Pancreatic islets
- Pineal gland
- Parathyroid glands
Characteristics of Amino Acid Derivatives and where they bind
- Small in size
- Binds to receptor site on membrane of target cell due to protein make up (needs a secondary messenger)
Characteristics of Pep tide Derivatives and where they bind
-Larger structures
-Protein based hormone
Binds to receptors and employs a secondary messenger
Characteristics of Lipid Derivatives and where they bind
- Lipid based hormones
- Can directly get into a direct cells, attaches to receptor sites and diffuse through membranes
Characteristics of Catecholamines and where they bind
- Protein based
- attaches to receptor sites and required secondary messenger to enter the cell
- they are a team of hormones that act similar and therefore are grouped together
What are the 3 categories of hormones when classified into structure?
- amino acid
- peptides
- lipids
Freely circulating hormones are?
smaller and can be removed fairly quickly from transcript medium into the target cell
Bound to transport protein hormones are?
need a chaperon and are bigger and bulkier, have a harder time being removed from transport medium into target cell
What is the goal of the hormone after being produced?
- to reach the target cell
- to effect the metabolic activity of that particular cell
What type of hormones might not be able to directly affect the target cell directly so they use secondary messenger systems because they are to large
- peptide
- eicosanoids
When cells needs a secondary messenger what structures do they activate, and what do they do?
- cAMP
- cGTP
- they help bring the message from outside of the membrane into the cell
This protein is a helper and will connect a bridge between the 1st and 2nd messenger in order for the info to be transferred to the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm, what is the protein called?
-G protein
Where are the receptor sites for catecholamines, peptide and eicosanoids?
In the cell membranes of target cell
Does 1st messenger or steroid hormone need a helper protein in order to cross and bind to the receptor?
-No, it does not
What is an alternate pathway when it comes to bringing information into the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm or the cell?
-another way is the thyroid hormone directly binds to the mitochondria instead of cytoplasm and this will produce ATP
what regulates activity of the nervous system and the endocrine system, the what and the when?
The Hypothalamus
How does the hypothalamus regulate?
- secretes a regulatory hormone which can inhibit or increase production
- direct neural control of the adrenal gland
What connects the hypothalamus and the pituatary gland?
The Infundibulum
what are 3 areas of control that the hypothalamus has?
- Anterior pituatary
- Posterior pituatary
- Super renal gland
What are blood concentration of hormone dependent upon?
upon the rate of release and rate of degradation and removal from body
What are the types of hormonal interaction that occur at target cells?
synergism and antagonism?
What is syngergism?
More than one hormone produce the same effect at the target cells and effects are amplified
What is antagonism?
where one hormone opposes the action of another hormone
what are the different types of stimulation that may occur?
humoral, neural, and hormonal
What occurs within each type of stimulation
- humoral= responses to changes in blood ion or blood nutrient conc.
- neural= stimulation of epinephrine release by adrenal medulla
- hormonal- response to hormones secreted by other endocrine organs
what are tropic hormones? and secreted by whom?
are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target, and mostly secreted by anterior pitautary
Another name for the anterior and posterior pituatary
- anterior/ Adenohypophysis
- posterior/ neurohypophysis
what are gonadotropic hormones?
they are the leutenizing (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH) , are called gonadotropic because they stimulate the gonads
what are somatotropic hormones?
hormones like the growth hormone which stimulate the growth of all tissues
What occurs when hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH occurs
- Hypersecretion / Gigantism and acromegaly
- Hyposecretion / Pituitary dwarfism
what occurs when the posterior pituitary is dysfunctional and there is a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of ADH
- Hypersecretion of ADH, fluid retention and weight gain
- Hyposecretion of ADH, diabetes insipidus
how does Grave’s disease occur?
hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
Graves disease symptoms include?
elevated metabolic rate and irregular heartbeat , nervousness and weight loss, as well as protrusion of the eyeball
What occurs when there is hyposecretion of the thyroid hormones?
adulats experience myxedema and infants have cretinism (mental retardation and developmental abnormalities) and goiters
where do Chief cells produce PTH and what does the PTH do?
Produced in parathyroid gland and PTH raises blood calcium levels
how are osteoclast stimulated in order to resorb the bone matrix?
by the parathyroid gland
osteoblastic activity is stimulated by?
calcitonin hypocalcemia
Where is the adrenal glands located?
on top of the kidney
what aids in maintaining water mineral balance in the blood?
mineral corticoids
what does aldosterone do?
reduces excretion of sodium from the body
what controls metabolism rates?
glucocorticoids
Cushings disease symptons
- hypersecretion
- moon face
- hyperglycemia
- buffalo hump and edema
Addisons disease symptoms
Hyposecretion
- weight loss, hypertension
- dehydration, low glucouse and sodium levels in blood
- Bronzing of the skin
Difference between Type I and Type II diabetes
- Type I insufficient insulin production
- Type II insulin does not affect the cells on the body
