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Human anatomy > Chapter 18 Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the underlying concept of physiology that allows the human body to stay within the “Norms”

A

Negative and positive feedback

and Homeostasis

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2
Q 
What is considered normal blood pressure?
Heart Rate?
Respiratory rate?
Body temp?
Glucose levels?
Sodium Syrium?
A 
Blood pressure = 120/80
Heart rate = 60-80
Respiratory rate 12-18 breaths per min
Body temp = 36.6 C - 37.5 C
Glucose Lvl = 59 to 105
Sodium Syrium = 135-145 mg/L
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3
Q

Definition of Homeostasis

A

A property of cells, tissues and organs that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stabilility and allows for the consistency that is needed in order to function properly

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4
Q

What organ systems are closely related in performing the function of Homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and nervous system

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5
Q

How does the nervous system respond to a stimulus?

A

By action potential on a pathway to a target cell

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6
Q

How does the endocrine system respond to a stimulus?

A

Info will travel through the bloodstream through hormones to a target cell

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7
Q

Is the endocrine or nervous faster when it comes to responding to a stimulus? and why?

A

Nervous system is faster due to myelination and endocrine is slower due to the hormones having to be synthesized and transcribed

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8
Q

How long does the effect of the endocrine or nervous system usually take?

A

Nervous system effect is brief on a very specific target

Endocrine is longer and influence is broader

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9
Q

Every hormone in the Body has a target cell… True or false

A

True

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10
Q

Some aspects of the endocrine system are?

A
  • A system of ductless glands

- Produced by specific organs

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11
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system (7 main organs)

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituatary gland
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreatic islets
  • Pineal gland
  • Parathyroid glands
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12
Q

Characteristics of Amino Acid Derivatives and where they bind

A
  • Small in size

- Binds to receptor site on membrane of target cell due to protein make up (needs a secondary messenger)

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13
Q

Characteristics of Pep tide Derivatives and where they bind

A

-Larger structures
-Protein based hormone
Binds to receptors and employs a secondary messenger

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14
Q

Characteristics of Lipid Derivatives and where they bind

A
  • Lipid based hormones

- Can directly get into a direct cells, attaches to receptor sites and diffuse through membranes

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15
Q

Characteristics of Catecholamines and where they bind

A
  • Protein based
  • attaches to receptor sites and required secondary messenger to enter the cell
  • they are a team of hormones that act similar and therefore are grouped together
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16
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormones when classified into structure?

A
  • amino acid
  • peptides
  • lipids
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17
Q

Freely circulating hormones are?

A

smaller and can be removed fairly quickly from transcript medium into the target cell

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18
Q

Bound to transport protein hormones are?

A

need a chaperon and are bigger and bulkier, have a harder time being removed from transport medium into target cell

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19
Q

What is the goal of the hormone after being produced?

A
  • to reach the target cell

- to effect the metabolic activity of that particular cell

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20
Q

What type of hormones might not be able to directly affect the target cell directly so they use secondary messenger systems because they are to large

A
  • peptide

- eicosanoids

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21
Q

When cells needs a secondary messenger what structures do they activate, and what do they do?

A
  • cAMP
  • cGTP
  • they help bring the message from outside of the membrane into the cell
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22
Q

This protein is a helper and will connect a bridge between the 1st and 2nd messenger in order for the info to be transferred to the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm, what is the protein called?

A

-G protein

23
Q

Where are the receptor sites for catecholamines, peptide and eicosanoids?

A

In the cell membranes of target cell

24
Q

Does 1st messenger or steroid hormone need a helper protein in order to cross and bind to the receptor?

A

-No, it does not

25
Q

What is an alternate pathway when it comes to bringing information into the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm or the cell?

A

-another way is the thyroid hormone directly binds to the mitochondria instead of cytoplasm and this will produce ATP

26
Q

what regulates activity of the nervous system and the endocrine system, the what and the when?

A

The Hypothalamus

27
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • secretes a regulatory hormone which can inhibit or increase production
  • direct neural control of the adrenal gland
28
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and the pituatary gland?

A

The Infundibulum

29
Q

what are 3 areas of control that the hypothalamus has?

A
  • Anterior pituatary
  • Posterior pituatary
  • Super renal gland
30
Q

What are blood concentration of hormone dependent upon?

A

upon the rate of release and rate of degradation and removal from body

31
Q

What are the types of hormonal interaction that occur at target cells?

A

synergism and antagonism?

32
Q

What is syngergism?

A

More than one hormone produce the same effect at the target cells and effects are amplified

33
Q

What is antagonism?

A

where one hormone opposes the action of another hormone

34
Q

what are the different types of stimulation that may occur?

A

humoral, neural, and hormonal

35
Q

What occurs within each type of stimulation

A
  • humoral= responses to changes in blood ion or blood nutrient conc.
  • neural= stimulation of epinephrine release by adrenal medulla
  • hormonal- response to hormones secreted by other endocrine organs
36
Q

what are tropic hormones? and secreted by whom?

A

are hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target, and mostly secreted by anterior pitautary

37
Q

Another name for the anterior and posterior pituatary

A
  • anterior/ Adenohypophysis

- posterior/ neurohypophysis

38
Q

what are gonadotropic hormones?

A

they are the leutenizing (LH) and follicle stimulating (FSH) , are called gonadotropic because they stimulate the gonads

39
Q

what are somatotropic hormones?

A

hormones like the growth hormone which stimulate the growth of all tissues

40
Q

What occurs when hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH occurs

A
  • Hypersecretion / Gigantism and acromegaly

- Hyposecretion / Pituitary dwarfism

41
Q

what occurs when the posterior pituitary is dysfunctional and there is a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of ADH

A
  • Hypersecretion of ADH, fluid retention and weight gain

- Hyposecretion of ADH, diabetes insipidus

42
Q

how does Grave’s disease occur?

A

hypersecretion of thyroid hormones

43
Q

Graves disease symptoms include?

A

elevated metabolic rate and irregular heartbeat , nervousness and weight loss, as well as protrusion of the eyeball

44
Q

What occurs when there is hyposecretion of the thyroid hormones?

A

adulats experience myxedema and infants have cretinism (mental retardation and developmental abnormalities) and goiters

45
Q

where do Chief cells produce PTH and what does the PTH do?

A

Produced in parathyroid gland and PTH raises blood calcium levels

46
Q

how are osteoclast stimulated in order to resorb the bone matrix?

A

by the parathyroid gland

47
Q

osteoblastic activity is stimulated by?

A

calcitonin hypocalcemia

48
Q

Where is the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidney

49
Q

what aids in maintaining water mineral balance in the blood?

A

mineral corticoids

50
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

reduces excretion of sodium from the body

51
Q

what controls metabolism rates?

A

glucocorticoids

52
Q

Cushings disease symptons

A
  • hypersecretion
  • moon face
  • hyperglycemia
  • buffalo hump and edema
53
Q

Addisons disease symptoms

A

Hyposecretion

  • weight loss, hypertension
  • dehydration, low glucouse and sodium levels in blood
  • Bronzing of the skin
54
Q

Difference between Type I and Type II diabetes

A
  • Type I insufficient insulin production

- Type II insulin does not affect the cells on the body

Human anatomy (9 decks)

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