Human A&P Flashcards
[…] is formed from the effect of ultraviolet radiation on a cholesterol derivative in skin.
Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol
[…] is derived from plants or from pills.
Vitamin D2 / Ergocalciferol
Hydroxylation of vitamin D2 or D3 produces […] which stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium.
Calcitriol
The vascular junction between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Median Eminence
The stalk that contains the axons and blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Infundibulum
Inhibits Growth Hormone.
Somatostatin
Inhibits Prolactin.
Dopamine
Converts Testosterone to Estradiol.
Aromatase
The innermost layer of the adrenal cortex ; secretes androgens and estrogens
Zona Reticularis
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex ; secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona Fasciculata
The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex ; secretes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona Glomerulosa
Wasting disorder that has symptoms linked Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone receptors
Cachexia
This amino acid is the derivative from which serotonin and melatonin form
Tryptophan
Stimulated by FSH and produce inhibin to regulate release of FSH
Sertoli cells
Produces testosterone in males, stimulated by LH
Leydig cells
The derivative from which beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin, and ACTH form
POMC
The enzyme that converts Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
ACE
What does renin cleave?
Angiotensinogen
This hormone inhibits aldosterone, decreases Na+ reabsorption, decreases BP, decreases water volume
ANP
The functional cells of the thyroid gland
Follicles
The protein-rich core found at the center of follicles in the thyroid gland
Colloid
The process of Na+ / I- cotransporters that bring iodine into the epithelial cells
Iodide
The I- / Cl- cotransporter that allows transportation of iodide into the colloid
Pendrin
The main protein within colloids that contains tyrosine residues attached to iodine
Thyroglobulin
The catecholamines and thyroid hormone are all derivatives of what amino acid?
Tyrosine
The creation of MIT and DIT is catalyzed by what enzyme?
Thyroid Peroxidase
Synthesized by attachment of two DITs, contains 4 iodine atoms, thyroid prohormone
T4
Synthesized by the attachment of an MIT and DIT, contains 3 iodine atoms, metabolically acitve & shortlived thyroid hormone
T3
This hormone has permissiveness that allows the function of epinephrine
Thyroid Hormone
This hormone has permissiveness that allows the function of epinephrine AND ADH
Cortisol
Stunted growth relating to hypothyroidism during development
Cretinism
Fast-adapting, surface level skin receptors that measure low frequency vibrations
Meissner’s corpuscle
Slow-adapting, surface level skin receptors that respond to light touch
Merkel’s corpuscle
The second deepest, slowly adaptive skin receptor monitoring vibrations & deeper pressure
Pacinian corpuscle
The deepest, slowly adaptive skin receptor monitoring stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
Monitor strength and rate of muscle stretch (proprioceptors)
Spindle Stretch Receptors
Monitor muscle tension (propriorceptors)
Golgi Tendon Organs
Awareness of body parts relative to each other and balance
Proprioception
Awareness of the body’s movement
Kinesthesia
Ion channel proteins that activate thermoreceptors and also respond to some ligands (menthol & capsaicin)
TRPPs
This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of epinephrine to norepinephrine
PNMT
This enzyme breaks down biogenic amines found in the synaptic cleft during the reuptake process
Monoamine oxidase
This derivative of dopamine is created from tyrosine as a precursor to dopamine
L-Dopa
The main receptors for serotonin
5hT
Many mood diseases are prevented by these drugs
SSRIs
The ability for synapses to change strength overtime
Synaptic Plasticity
The ability for neurons to change connections over the course of a lifetime
Neuronal Plasticity
These Na+ channels respond to glutamate by removing Mg2+ which allows them to also conduct Ca2+
NMDA
These Na+ channels exocytose as a cellular response to Ca2+ signal transduction activated by glutamate
AMPA
NMDA and AMPA channel pathways allow ease of stimulation for these connections in a process called […]?
Long Term Potentiation
A neurotoxin that inhibits glycine and causes hyperexcitability
Strychnine
Swellings along an axon that are possible areas of neurotransmitter release
Varicosities
Motor protein responsible for anterograde transport towards the axon terminal
Kinesin
Motor protein responsible for retrograde transport towards the soma
Dynein
Protein involved in microtubule transport along axons and misfolding is linked to Alzheimer’s
Tau
The misfolding of tau results in these structures which develop Alzheimer’s
Neurofibrillary Tangles
This enzyme is responsible for cleaving APP and forming extracellular beta amyloids
Secretase
These extracellular clumps aggregate, causing Alzheimer’s
Beta-Amyloids
These clumps form from the aggregation of Beta-amyloids and result in Alzheimer’s
Amyloid Plaques
This purine neurotransmitter is inhibitory and builds up overtime to cause sleepfulness ; inhibited by caffeine
Adenosine
This excitatory neurotransmitter causes quick response and partakes in the process of nociception
ATP
This neurotransmitter is released from the hypothalamus in very small doses and is extremely toxic in higher concentrations
Carbon Monoxide
This addictive lipid found in cannabis undergoes retrograde neurotransmission
THC
These receptors are found in the postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system
Muscarinic
These receptors are found in preganglionic neurons and skeletal muscle cells
Nicotinic
These receptors are found in the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenergic
This butterfly shaped column of gray matter is surrounded by the vertebral column
Spinal Cord
This sector of the spinal cord faces the front of the body
Dorsal Horns
This sector of the spinal cord faces the back of the body
Ventral Horns
This nerve transmits afferent and efferent neurons and diverges into the roots
Spinal Nerve
This tract carries transmission from afferent neurons and ascends the spinal cord for processing in the CNS
Dorsal Root
This tract carries transmission from efferent neurons away from the spinal cord for action in peripheral nerves
Ventral Root
The group of cell bodies along the dorsal root
Dorsal Root Ganglia
This disease not named Alzheimer’s is also linked with the formation of microfibrillary tangles
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
A structure that consists of loosely arranged group of nuclei intermingled with bundles of axons that travel through the Medulla Oblongata and Pons
Reticular Formation
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that contains the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s Area
Temporal Lobe
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that contains the visual cortex
Occipital Lobe
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that contains the somatosensory cortex
Parietal Lobe
The lobe of the cerebral cortex that contains the prefrontal cortex and Broca’s area
Frontal Lobe
This condition describes inability of coordination and movements
Ataxia
This brain structure fine-tunes voluntary movements and maintains balance (proprioception)
Cerebellum
These common enucleated cells lack MHC I
Erythrocytes
These are the least common leukocytes in circulation
Basophils
The multipotent progenitor cells to all leukocytes
Hematopoietic stem cells
Somatic cells that have been reprogrammed into a state of being stem cells in humans
Induced Pluripotent stem cells
This autoimmune disease involves Type 4 Hypersensitivity and atrophy of the small intestine in response to gluten
Celiac Disease
This autoimmune disease involves Type 4 Hypersensitivity and destruction of oligodendrocytes in the CNS
Multiple Sclerosis