HTN Flashcards
New Diabetes Guidelines from American Diabetes Association
- Less strict SBP target
- New Target–> SBP <140 SBP
- Lower target may be achieved if w/out undue burden
- Does NOT mean HTN is not important for DM
JNC 7 Classification of HTN
- Normal: SBP 159 or DBP >99
CV Mortality Risk
- Doubles with each 20/10 mmHg increase in BP
BP Goals by Category
- Essential HTN: <140/80
BP Measurement Techniques
- In office: 2 readings (average), 5 minutes apart, sitting. Confirm elevated reading in contralateral arm
- Ambulatory BP monitoring: Indicated for evaluation of ‘white-coat” HTN; Absence of 10-20% BP decrease during sleep may indicate increased CVD risk
- Home BP: Provides information on response to therapy. May help improve adherence to therapy & evaluate “white-coat.” Avoid finger/wrist cuffs.
Home BP Measurements: Why & How
- Better predictor of cardiovascular risk, target organ damage
- Helps reduce “white coat” effect & determine the presence of masked HTN
- Should be a routine component of BP measurement for monitoring someone with known or suspected HTN
- Use upper arm, appropriate sized cuff, seated, in AM & PM for 1-week
Home BP Measurement: Who & What
- Most patients are suitable for HBPM, except those with A-Fib or other cardiac rhythm disturbances which make automatic BP monitoring unreliable
- Need 12 readings on average to make clinical decisions
- Average usually considered normal if majority of findings are SBP <135/85
HBPM: Protocol
- 5 consecutive days (minimum)
- perform 3 measurements, 5min apart, in the AM and PM
- Toss the first 2 days and the first measurement each days thereafter
- Average remaining measurements
- Average the 2nd and 3rd measurements of each triplicate set
- Bring all recordings to HCP
Systolic Blood Pressure
Increases with age
Measuring BP in Elderly
- An auscultatory gap is more common in elders
- Period during which sounds of the true SBP fade away and reappear at a lower pressure point
- Usually occurs with vascular disease
- Often a common reason for inaccurate BPs (underestimates SBP)
HTN and Elders
- HTN affects most elders
- More likely to have organ damage
- Optimal BP in HTN pts. NOT definitely established
- Proven benefits of treating HTN in >70yrs
- Risk of adverse outcomes by age & BP vary:
- 140 increases risks
- > 69: J Curve effect; risk of adverse events increase at SBP below upper 130s and above upper 140s
BP Goals for the Very Elderly
- GOAL = 79 is beneficial:
- Decreases BP (~15/6mmHg)
- Decreases fatal and non-fatal stroke by 30%
- Decreases death from stroke by 39%
- Decreases death from any cause by 21%
- Decreases death from CV cause by 23%
- Decreases rate of HF by 64%
- ** No significant difference in K, uric acid, glucose, and creatinine
JNC 7 Treatment Algorithm Stage 1
1) Lifestyle modifications
Stage I HTN (Without compelling indications)
- SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99
1) Thiazide diuretic
2) May consider ACE-I, ARB, BB, CCB, or combo
Stage II HTN (without compelling indications)
- SBP >159 or DBP >99
1) 2 drug combo (usually thiazide diuretic + ACE-I or ARB, BB, or CCB)
HTN Treatment with compelling indications
- Diuretics, ACE-I, ARB, CCB, and BB as needed
Lifestyle modifications
- Weight reduction: SBP -5-20mmHg/10kg
- DASH diet: -8-14mmHg
- Na Reduction: -2-8mmHg
- Physical activity: -4-9mmHg
- Moderate ETOH Consumption: -2-4mmHg
ETOH Consumption
- Guidelines for men: 24oz beer, 10oz wine, 3oz liquor
- Guidelines for women: 1/2 of men
- Average BP reduction: SBP -4mmHG; DBP -2.5mmHG
Compelling indications per JNC 7
- High CVD risk: thiazide, ACE-I, CCB
- Post-MI: BB, ACE-I, aldosterone antagonist
- HF: Thiazide, BB, ACE-I, ARB, Aldosterone antagonist
- DM: Thiazide, BB, ACE-I, ARB, CCB
- CKD: ACE-I, ARB
- Recurrent stroke prevention: Thiazide, ACE-I
C.R.A.P - Secondary HTN
- Congenital Heart Disease
- Renal Disease
- Aldosterone problem
- Pregnancy
HTN: Choosing the right med
- If no compelling indications: thiazide diuretic
- If particular compelling indications: use list from JNC7
- Choose one of “5i important classes”: ACE, ARB, BB, CCB, Diuretic
- Simple A/CD strategy per Canadian study: ACE/ARB, CCB, & Diuretic
- Combo agent:
- 1 is diuretic
- 1 is RAAS blocker
- 1 is CCB
HTN: ESH and AHA Guidelines
- No 1 choice for BP reduction
- Goal <130/80 for CHD, DM, and CKD
- 5 important classes: ACE, ARB, BB, Diuretic, CCB
HTN: Using combo meds
- double combo:
- Dual RAAS blocker (ARB/DRI): Only use for severe HF, advanced chronic renal disease w/ heavy proteinuria
- RAAS blocker + HCTZ
- RAAS blocker + CCB (amlodipine)
- Triple combo (2 available): ARB, CCB (amlodipine), + HCTZ
Uncontrolled HTN
- 2 categories:
- Difficult-to-treat HTN: Issues w/measurement and adherence, suboptimal therapy, white coat HTN
- Truly resistant HTN: Volume overload, interfering substances, associated factors, secondary HTN