GI Flashcards
Function of GI system
1) Ingestion and propulsion of food
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination
GI: Associated organs
- Salivary glands
- Liver: largest organ in body
- Gallbladder: Muscular pear-shaped sac (3-4”)
- Pancreas: flat organ about 6-9”; lies behind stomach
Obesity in pediatrics
- Genetics vs. lifestyle
- Breast feeding vs. bottle feeding
- Caloric intake - portion distortion
- Decreased activity/video games
- High fructose drinks and juices
Failure to thrive in children
- Weight for age that falls below 5th percentile or weight deceleration that crosses 2 major percentile lines
- Inadequate caloric intake
- inadequate caloric absorption
- Excessive caloric expenditure
GI Changes in elderly
- Oral cavity changes
- Decreased taste sensation
- Decreased thirst and saliva
- Decreased VitD and Ca+ intake
- Hypohydrochloria
- Decreased motility
Obesity in elderly
- Caloric intake > expenditures
- Reduced calories not nutrient - caloric decrease of 500cal = 1lb weekly
- Portion size controlled
- Limit ETOH
Failure to thrive in elderly
- Impaired physical functioning
- Malnutrition
- Depression
- Cognitive impairment
Aging and GI changes
- Decreased stomach acid production
- Decreased motility
- Liver size and function decreased
- Anorectal function decreased
- Anorexia
- Protein energy malnutrition
PUD (H. pylori): Treatment
- Eradicate H. Pylori: triple ABX plus acid reduction
* Biaxin, flagyl, prilosec - 14 days
PUD: Causes
- H. pylori: antral gastritis & duodenal ulcers
- NSAIDs and corticosteroids
- Pathologic hypersecretory disorders (i.e. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; gastrinoma)
- Stress?
PUD: Facts (Duodenal)
- Most commonly men 20-50yo
- 80% duodenal
- Usually follow chronic course
- 5-10% need surgery
- H. pylori 90%
PUD: S/S (Duodenal)
- Epigastric pain that is gnawing, dull, aching, or “hunger-like”
- Pain relieved by food or antacids, but recurring 2-4hrs later
- Melena
PUD: Facts (Gastric)
- Usually men 55-70
- Risks: NSAIDs, ETOH, smoking
- May cause hemorrhage, shock, gastric outlet obstruction, and perforation
PUD: S/S (Gastric)
- Pan worsens with eating due to stretching
- Nausea and anorexia due to stretch
- Melena
PUD: Diagnosis
- Epigastric tenderness, hemoccult
- CBC, H. pylori, barium swallow, upper GI/small bowel series
PUD: Treatment (Duodenal H. pylori neg.)
- H2 blocker or PPI
- Antacids for breakthrough symptoms
PUD: Treatment (Gastric)
- PPI
- Benign ulcers usually heal in 2-3mo. Failure to heal may indicate malignancy
PPI Safety
- Variance per population - omeprazole metabolism
- Nexium vs. Plavix (Reduced effectiveness with PPI)
- Osteoporosis
- Magnesium - need to monitor
- C. diff (D/C PPI)
PPI meds (Others)
- Antacids: promotes healing of duodenal ulcers but less effective with gastric
- Sucralfate - protective coating over injured mucosa; frequent timed dosing (1g achs)
- Prokinetics: (reglan) 5-10mg qid achs
- Follow-up in 2-3wk
PUD: lifestyle modifications
- Avoid:
- ASA and NSAIDs
- ETOH
- Steroids
- Stress
- Offending foods
- Limit caffeine
GERD: Step therapy (Step I: Lifestyle)
- Weight loss
- Avoid high fat foods/large meals
- Smoking cessation
- Remain upright 2hr after eating
- smaller, more frequent meals
- Elevate HOB
GERD: Step therapy (Step II: Meds)
- Antacids
- Prokinetics
- H2 Blockers
- PPIs