Coagulopathies Flashcards

1
Q

Common Bleeding Disorders

A

1) Hemophilia
2) von Willebrand’s Disease (vWD)
3) Ideopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

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2
Q

Hemophilia Facts: Genetic/Ethnic

A
  • Congenital bleeding disorders caused by deficiency or absence of clotting factors
  • – Hemophilia A: Factor VIII
  • – Hemophilia B: Factor IX
  • X-linked: Inherited by male offspring from carrier mothers
  • Female offspring of males w/hemophilia are “Obligatory carriers”
  • No racial differences
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3
Q

Hemophilia Facts: Severity

A
  • Because factors VIII and IX are required for thrombin formation, hemophilia can cause prolonged, often spontaneous bleeding
  • Mild: 5-40% of normal factor present; usually only bleed with significant trauma
  • Moderate: 1-5% of normal factor present; Usually do not bleed spontaneously
  • Severe: <1% of normal factor present; often have spontaneous bleeds
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4
Q

Hemophilia: Diagnosis

A
  • Factor assays; bleeding patterns; family history
  • aPTT: prolonged in hemophilia (assess factors VIII and IX)
  • Usually diagnosed within childhood
  • – 95% by age 15
  • – ~50% will have severe deficiency if there is reason to diagnose early in childhood
  • Screen at birth, males with family Hx
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5
Q

Hemophilia: Presentation

A
  • Neonates: Intracranial hemorrhage; prolonged bleeding from circumcision
  • Infants: Excessive bruising in soft tissues
  • Older children and adults: spontaneous bleeding in joints
  • – Hemarthrosis: ~70% of joint bleeds (knees, ankles, elbows most common)
  • – Bleeds may also occur in CNS, GI tract, soft tissues and muscles
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6
Q

Hemophilia: Long-term complications

A
  • Hemarthropathy:
  • – Bleeding into joints leads to an inflammatory process, causing permanent damage
  • – Contractures
  • – Nerve damage
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7
Q

Hemophilia: Treatment (Non-pharmacologic)

A
  • Focused of preventing or stopping bleeding episodes
  • Hemarthrosis
  • – RICE; Splinting, casts, crutches to allow joint or muscle rest after bleeding episode; Ice to slow down inflammatory process; PT once pain and inflammation resolve
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8
Q

Hemophilia: Treatment (Pharmacologic)

A
  • Desmopressin: Treats acute bleeding by increasing factor VIII
  • Antifibrinolytics:
  • – Tranexamic acid and aminocaproic acid
  • – Treats acute bleeding by stabilizing fibrin clot
  • – Useful in mucosal bleeds and dental procedures
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9
Q

Hemophilia: Factor Replacement

A
  • Treatment of of choice for acute bleeding episodes in severe hemophilia
  • Dose depends on location and severity of bleeding
  • Goal is to achieve hemostasis by adequately replacing factors
  • – 40-60% of normal for joint and muscle bleeds
  • – 80-100% of normal for iliopsoasmuscle, throat or neck, CNS, or GI bleeding
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10
Q

Safety of Hemophilia Treatment

A
  • 1980’s: Exposure to HIV and HCV through contaminated plasma-derived factors
  • Now, virus reduction is used in factor collection, including nanofiltration, vapor heat, dry heat, pasteurization, solvent/detergent treatment
  • Development of antibodies or inhibitors to factors
  • – Does not promote bleeding, but makes subsequent bleeding episodes difficult to treat
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11
Q

von Willebrand’s Disease Facts

A
  • Autosomal dominant bleeding disorder
  • Deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor (vWf)
  • vWf has two roles:
    1) Facilitates initial platelet plug at vascular injury
    2) Carrier of factor VIII, preventing its degradation
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12
Q

vWD: Subtypes

A

I) Levels of vWf are decreased 5-30%; most common subtype
II) Levels of vWf are normal, but dysfunctional
— Subtypes I and II are usually present with mild bleeding after procedures, mucosal bleeding, menorrhagia, and nose bleeds
III) Near or complete absence of vWf; bleeding similar to hemophilia and can be life threatening

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13
Q

vWD: Labs

A
  • Reduced plasma levels of vWf activity
  • Reduced factor VIII activity
  • Reduced vWf antigen levels
  • Prolonged bleeding time
  • ** NL levels do NOT exclude vWD
  • ** PLT, PT, and PTT are all NL in vWD
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14
Q

vWD: Acute treatment

A
  • DDAVP: synthetic vasopressin that increases vWF and factor VIII (INEFFECTIVE in subtype III)
  • If DDAVP fails:
  • FFP
  • Cryoprecipitate
  • Concentrated factor VIII, fibrinogen, or fibronectin
  • Subtype III: Concentrated factor VIII/vWF are available in larger institutions
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15
Q

Ideopathic Thrombocytic Purpura (ITP): Facts

A
  • Low platelet count that is not related to bone marrow suppression
  • Common: Adults 66:1,000,000; Children 50:1,000,000
  • Generally presents b/n 2-9yo and 20-50yo
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16
Q

ITP: Children

A
  • 2-3wk after viral illness
  • Rapid drop in PLT
  • Most resolve within 6mo
  • Usually develops petechia and/or purpura
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17
Q

ITP: Adults

A
  • May have no prodromal illness
  • Slow drop in PLT
  • Tends to be chronic
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18
Q

ITP: S/S

A
  • Purpura (easy/excessive bruising)
  • Petechiae (superficial bleeding)
  • Prolonged bleeding from trauma
  • Epistaxis
  • Gum bleedings
  • Hematuria, melena
  • Menorrhagia
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19
Q

ITP: Treatment

A
  • PLT >20K with no S/S: No Tx
  • Symptomatic patients and those at risk should receive immunosuppression (i.e. athletes)
  • Corticosteroids: prednisone or prednisolone 1-2mg/kg/day
  • – Only about 15% will have complete remission
  • IVIG: If PLT <10K), continuous steroids required to maintain PLT levels
20
Q

Clotting Disorders: Thrombophilia

A
  • Familial
  • Factor V Leiden
  • Protein C deficiency
  • Protein S deficiency
  • Anti-thrombin deficiency
  • Prothrombin 20210A mutations
  • Acquired
  • Antiphopholipid antibody syndrome
  • Lupus inhibitor
21
Q

Factor V Leiden Facts

A
  • Inherited mutation in factor V tht causes resistance to activated protein C (APC)
  • APC inactivates factors V and VIII, which are crucial in forming thrombin
  • Some form on FVL is present in ~30% of those who develop an embolism
  • 5% in US are heterozygous (carriers)
  • Risk is 7x greater than in noncarriers
  • 1 in 5K are homozygous for FVL
  • Risk of embolism is 80x greater than in those without trait
22
Q

Antiphopholipid Antibody Syndrome (APLS)

A
  • Antibodies to phopholipid complexes: Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, anti-beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies
  • Characterized by arterial and venous embolism and recurrent pregnancy loss
  • Up to 28% with APLS have recurrent thromboses, increasing mortality
23
Q

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

A
  • Any embolic event in the vascular system
  • DVT: Upper or lower extermities
  • PE: Pulmonary embolism
  • Other systemic embolism: Splenic vein thrombosis, superior mesenteric vein thrombosis
24
Q

Risk Factors for VTE: Reversible

A
  • Immobility
  • Hormone use
  • Trauma, especially long bone FX, hip, pelvis, or multiple Fx
  • Pregnancy and immediate post-partum
  • CVC
  • Prolonged travel
25
Risk Factors for VTE: Irreversible
- Spinal cord injury/paralysis - Malignancy - CHF - Varicose veins - Respiratory failure - Prior VTE - Age >40 - Hypercoagulable state
26
VTE: Management
- Anticoagulation: * Prevents extension of clot * Prevents migration of clot * Prevents development of clot in high risk patients: Certain orthopedic procedures; Hx of recurrent clot; A-Fib; mechanical heart valve
27
VTE: Anticoagulant Options
- ASA - Vitamin K Antagonists: Warfarin (a-fib, VTE, mechanical valve - Direct Thrombin inhibitors: Dabigatran (Pradaxa) ( A-fib only) - Direct Factor Xa inhibitors: Apixiban (Eliquis) (A-fib only); rivroxaban (Xarelto) (A-fib, VTE) - Heparin & low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): Enoxaparin (usually bridging therapy or cancer associated clots)
28
Treating VTE: PE or DVT
- DVT with reversible risk factor: Duration of anticoagulation is 3mo - PE with reversible risk factor: Duration of anticoagulation is 6mo - Either condition unprovoked: Consider lifelong anticoagulation; hypercoagulable workup is warranted
29
Thrombophilia workup
- Activated protein C - Factor V Leiden - Prothrombin (Factor II) mutation - Antithrombin functional assay - Protein C functional Assay (off warfarin) - Protein S functional assay (off warfarin) - Antiphopholipid antibody - Homocysteine level - Factor VIII Assay
30
Anticoagulation recommendations in hypercoagulable patients
- Anticoagulation for hypercoagulable state without VTE is NOT recommended - If recurrent VTE and hypercoagulable state, long-term anticoagulation is recommended * APLA, FVL, Protein C or S deficiency
31
Warfarin: Facts
- Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) - Inhibits formation of functional vitamin K dependent clotting factors in the liver: II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X - Inhibits protein C and S, which will prevent extensive clot formation - Hepatic clearance: CYP 450 2C9, 1A2, 3A4 * ** DRUG-DRUG Interactions
32
Warfarin: Pharmacodynamics
- 100% absorbed from oral administration, peak concentration in 4hr - Onset of anticoagulant activity in 3-4d: takes up to 60hr for existing clotting factors to degrade - Duration of singe dose is 2-5d: new clotting factors must be reformed after discontinuation - Crosses placenta and has SEVERE teratogenic effects; does NOT cross into breast milk - Half-life of 40hr
33
Warfarin: Points to remember
- Warfarin is monitored by INR - Effects on INR seen in 8-12hr after initial dose due to depletion of factor VII, however, full effect of single dose not appreciated for several days - Warfarin does not impact existing clotting factors, only newly produced factors - Narrow therapeutic index - Color-coded based on tablet strength - Coumadin is round; warfarin is oval
34
Warfarin Contraindications: Absolute
- recent hemorrhagic stroke - Risk for active major bleeding - Recent trauma or major surgery - Immediately post-op CNS surgery - CNS tumors with major bleeding risk - Presence of CNS catheter or aneurysm
35
Warfarin Contraindications: Relative
- Cognitive impairment - Severe psychiatric illness - Alcoholism - Severe liver or kidney disease - High risk for falls - Documented medical nonadherence should be considered
36
INR Goals for Warfarin Therapy
- 2-3 * A-fib; treatment of VTE/PE; Prevention of VTE in high risk surgery; tissue heart valves; mechanical aortic valves - 2.5-3.5 * Mechanical mitral valve; mechanical aortic valve with additional risk factor (LA enlargement); Prevention of recurrent MI; Hx of VTE with INR of 2-3
37
Initiation of Warfarin: Starting Doses
- Typically starting dose is 5mg daily * ** 2.5mg in the elderly, those with CHF, hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, liver dysfunction * ** Younger, larger patients may require higher starting doses of 10mg (especially athletes) - Dose adjustments should be made by percentage of WEEKLY dose, generally no more than 5-20% adjustment
38
Initiation of Warfarin: Monitoring
- Monitor INR at baseline and a minimum of 2-3x/wk for 1-2wk - After 1-2wk, increase follow-up interval to 1wk - Twice monthly monitoring until at least 2 INR therapeutic at STEADY STATE (same dose for 2wk) - Goal is INR monitoring q4-12wk
39
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto): Facts
- Direct factor Xa inhibitor - Inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin * that disrupts the clotting cascade - 2/3 metabolized hepatically; remainder renally excreted unchanged * Safety in patients with renal insufficiency or failure is not established - Half-life of 7-11hr - Monitoring: None
40
Rivaroxaban: Uses
- Used for CVA prophylaxis in nonvalvular a-fib - Used for treatment of DVT or PE - Rivaroxaban is not inferior to warfarin in terms of prevention of CVA or systemic embolism - Causes less fatal bleeding and ICH than Warfarin - No difference in non-fatal bleeding with rivaroxaban compared to warfarin
41
Rivaroxaban: Dosing
- Adult dose: 20mg q day with evening meal - Dose adjustments: * CLcr >50mL/min: No adjustment necessary * CLcr 15-50mL/min: 15mg QD with evening meal * CLcr <15mL/min: Avoid use * ESRD requiring HD: Avoid use
42
Considerations with newer agents: Advantages
* Predictable patient response: Can prescribe fixed dose * Once-daily dosing (Some) * No monitoring * Few known drug interactions * Short half-life
43
Considerations with newer agents: Disadvantages
* No antidote * Drug-drug interactions * No monitoring * Renal dosing * Expensive * Lack of evidence if dose is missed * Multiple daily doses
44
Initiation of Anticoagulation in VTE
Heparin or LMWH is used WITH warfarin to provide anticoagulation until therapeutic INR is achieved - LMWH is superior to unfractionated heparin in preventing progression of VTE disease and in efficacy and ease of administration; given SQ * Inhibits Factor Xa and factor IIa: exerts rapid effect * Half-life 7hr * Available in prefilled syringes in multiple strengths (30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150mg)
45
LMWH in Treatment of VTE
- Treatment doses: * 1mg/kg BID or 1.5mg/kg daily started simultaneously with warfarin * Given until INR is therapeutic (2-3) - Prophylactic doses: * Are NOT weight based; NOT recommended for treatment of VTE; may be used to prevent VTE in high risk patient (hospitalized, certain orthopaedic preocedures) - LMWH should be initiated any time that INR is below therapeutic range in 6wk period following VTE or in patient at high risk of recurrence of VTE - LMWH should be initiated any time anticoagulation will be interrupted in the high risk patient