Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSF > HSF 2 - Unit 2 Anatomy: The Thorax and Diaphragm > Flashcards

HSF 2 - Unit 2 Anatomy: The Thorax and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

what is the thorax?

A

the part of the body of a mammal between the neck and the abdomen, including the cavity enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and dorsal vertebrae, and containing the chief organs of circulation and respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

central compartment of the chest, holds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the thorax is made up of which compartments?

A

mediastinum, left and right pleural compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the floor of the respiratory cavity like?

A

convex superiorly and concave inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a barrel chest?

A

increased anteroposterior diameter of the thoracic cage; can affect people with COPD or emphysema and develop barrel chest in the later stages of the disease. this occurs because the lungs are chronically overinflated with air, so the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the functions of the thorax?

A

protect vital thoracic/abdominal organs from external forces; resist the negative internal pressure created by the elastic recoil of the lungs; provide attachments for and support the weight of the upper limbs; provide the origin for some upper limb muscles and attachments for muscles of the abdomen, neck, back and respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do structures from the thoracic cavity get to the abdomen?

A

there are several holes in the diaphragm for them to pass through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the posterior wall muscles of the thorax?

A

intercostal and subcostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the anterior wall composed?

A

ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, intercostal muscles, and the transversus thoracis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the skeletal components of the thoracic wall?

A

vertebral bodies, the bodies of the 1st-12th thoracic vertebrae form the bony component of the thoracic wall in the dorsal midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

manubrium components

A

jugular notch, clavicular notch, notch for 1st costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

body of the sternum components

A

notches for costal cartilages; sternal angle formed with body and manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

xiphoid process

A

can have foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what can happen to the articulations between the bones of the sternum?

A

can fuse and become a syostosis in older persons, failure of fusion between halves of the sternal bars during development can result in sternal cleft or sternal foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are complications of a sternal fracture?

A

can break into several pieces and is classified as a comminuted fracture. most common site is the manubriosternal joint - where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum; fragments usually not displaced due to the attachments of the pectoralis muscles; high mortality rate because of heart and lung injuries which are likely to occur simultaneously with the primary trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is poland syndrome?

A

absent pectoralis major; asymmetrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ectopia cordis

A

heart develops in between a sternal cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which ribs are true?

A

1-7; attach vertebrae to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which ribs are false?

A

8-10; cartilages attached to the cartilages of ribs superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which ribs are floating?

A

11-12; cartilages ending in the posterior abdominal wall musculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do ribs 7-10 form?

A

infrasternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what separates the ribs and costal cartilages?

A

intercostal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what makes the superior thoracic aperture? what closes it?

A

1st thoracic vertebra, 1st pair of ribs, and superior border of manubrium; diaphragm closes it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the heads of all but … articulate via ….

A

1st, 11th, 12th ribs; true synovial joints (the capitular joints) with two adjacent thoracic vertebrae, its own and the one above;; articulate with only their own vertebral bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what bone markings are on the rib?

A

head (articular facets of head articulate with inferior and superior costal facets of adjacent thoracic vertebrae), neck, tubercle (articular facet of tubercle which articulates with costal facet of transverse process of vertebrae of the same number), angle, costal groove, shaft, sternal end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the 2 joints that each rib forms?

A

costotransverse, costovertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

costotransverse joint

A

between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

costovertebral joint

A

between the head of the rib, superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae, and the inferior costal facet of the vertebrae above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what actions do each set of ribs perform at the costotransverse joints?

A

1-7 rotate, 8-10 glide, 11-12 do not articulate with transverse processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a costochondral joint?

A

primarily cartilaginous joints and they usually do not experience movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the interchondral joints?

A

some are plane synovial joints (between costal cartilages 6-9)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

radiate ligament

A

head of rib; fans outwards from the head of the rib to the bodies of the two vertebrae and intervertebral disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

costotransverse ligament

A

Connects the neck of

the rib and the transverse process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lateral costotransverse ligament

A

Extends from the transverse process to the tubercle of the rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Superior costotransverse ligament

A

Passes from the upper border of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of the vertebra superior to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where in the ribs are fractures most common? what are some complications?

A

the middle ribs; further soft tissue injury from the broken fragments (structures most at risk are spleen, lungs, diaphragm), if more than one rib gets fractured the area is no longer under control of the thoracic muscles and causes flail chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is flail chest?

A

It impairs full expansion of the ribcage, thus affecting the
oxygen content of the blood. flail chest is treated by fixing the affected ribs, preventing their paradoxical movement; presents with opposite movement of the chest than is normal because the flail segment will be pulled in with the decrease in pressure while the rest of the rib cage expands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are supernumerary ribs?

A

extra ribs, can be in cervical or lumbar region

39
Q

what is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

is a term used to describe a group of disorders that occur when there is compression, injury, or irritation of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian vessels in the lower neck and upper chest

40
Q

what are the intercostal muscles? what do they do?

A

external, internal, innermost, subcostal, transversus thoracis; moving the ribs and by helping to keep the intercostal spaces rigid

41
Q

external intercostals

A

attache superiorly to the inferior border of the rib above and inferiorly to the superior border of the rib below, fibers run infero-anteriorly; runction to elevate ribs during forced inspiration with innervation from the intercostal nerves (T1-11), blood supply is from the ant/post intercostal v and a; musculophrenic v and a

42
Q

internal and innermost intercostals

A

attach superiorly to the inferior border of the rib above and inferiorly to the superior rib below, fibers run inferoposteriorly; functions: interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage with innervation from the intercostal nerves (T1-11), blood supply is from ant/post intercostals and musculophrenic vv and aa.

43
Q

how can we distinguish the internal and innermost intercostals?

A

separated by the intercostal neurovascular bundle

44
Q

what muscles make up the innermost layer of thoracic muscles?

A

transversus thoracis, innermost internals, subcostalis

45
Q

subcostalis

A

Attach superiorly to internal
surfaces of lower ribs near their
angles and inferiorly to superior borders of ribs 2 or 3 levels
below. Fibers run inferoposteriorly
(blending with internal intercostals), interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage with innervation from intercostal nerves (T1-11) with blood supply from the posterior intercostals and musculophrenic aa and vv

46
Q

transversus thoracis

A

Attaches superiorly on the posterior sternum and inferiorly on costal cartilages 2-6; function to depress ribs, innervation from intercostal nerves (T1-11), blood supply from anterior intercostal and musculophrenic aa and vv

47
Q

levator costae

A 
O: Transverse processes
I: Rib below between tubercle and angle.
A: Elevate ribs
In: Intercostal nerves T1-T11
BS: Posterior intercostals
48
Q

serratus posterior superior

A 
O: Spines of C7-T3
I: Ribs 2-4
A: Elevate ribs
In: Intercostal nerves T1-T3
BS: Posterior intercostals
49
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A 
O: Spines of T11-L2
I: Ribs 8-12
A: Depress ribs
In: Intercostal nerves T9-T11
BS: Posterior intercostals
50
Q

in the thoracic region, the ______ ____ are in the form of…

A

ventral rami; intercostal nerves

51
Q

what structures run along the costal groove?

A

vein, artery, nerve; in this order

52
Q

what is a thoracotomy?

A

surgical opening through the thoracic wall to access the lungs, heart, esophagus, diaphragm, and the thoracic aorta

53
Q

what is a thoracentesis?

A

a procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest

54
Q

what is a nerve root block?

A

selective nerve root block primarily used to diagnose the specific source of nerve root pain and secondarily, for therapeutic relief of low back pain and/or leg pain

55
Q

each of the bounded intercostal spaces is fed by which blood vessels?

A

2 arteries- posterior and anterior intercostal artery

56
Q

where do the posterior intercostal arteries of the upper 2 spaces derive from?

A

costocervical branch of the subclavian artery

57
Q

where do all the anterior intercostal arteries derive from?

A

the internal thoracic branch of the subclavian artery

58
Q

what is the artery in the first 2 intercostal spaces called?

A

supreme intercostal artery

59
Q

what is the primary blood supply to the thoracic wall?

A

derived from branches of the aorta and the subclavian arteries

60
Q

each posterior intercostal artery gives off…

A

segmented branches to the back

61
Q

where is the main trunk of the posterior intercostal artery?

A

runs just above the main trunk of the intercostal nerve around toward the front of the body

62
Q

what happens to the posterior intercostal arteries as they move anteriorly?

A

they stop a few inches short of the anterior end of each space; so there are separate anterior intercostal arteries for the anterior ends of each bounded intercostal space

63
Q

what happens to the posterior intercostal arteries as the move inferiorly?

A

unbounded intercostal spaces (10 and 11) continue into the abdominal wall but stop well short of the anterior midline

64
Q

each bounded intercostal space has..

A

(1-9) an anterior intercostal artery; these for the long intercostal spaces (1-6) come off the internal thoracic artery

65
Q

what is the ITA

A

internal thoracic artery, branch of the subclavian artery and descends in the anterior thoracic wall along the sternal margin, just deep to the costal cartilages and internal intercostal muscles

66
Q

what do the anterior intercostal arteries anastomose with?

A

posterior intercostal arteries a few inches from the sternum

67
Q

for each long intercostal space, the ITA…

A

gives off a perforating cutaneous branch that accompanies the anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve

68
Q

the internal thoracic vessels arise from…and divide into

A

subclavian artery; musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries in intercostal space 7

69
Q

anterior intercostals 7-10 come from…

A

the musculophrenic arteries

70
Q

what is the drainage from the intercostal veins?

A

drain back to the musculophrenic or internal thoracic veins

71
Q

what is the main venous drainage of the skin of the chest?

A

goes to the lateral thoracic vein which then goes to the axillary vein

72
Q

each internal thoracic vein empties into

A

the brachiocephalic vein of its corresponding side

73
Q

what do the 5th-11th posterior intercostal veins empty into?

A

azygos and hemiazygos veins

74
Q

what happens to the 2nd posterior intercostal vein?

A

turns inferiorly to join the 3rd and 4th posterior intercostal veins; on the left and right side and becomes the superior intercostal vein on each side

75
Q

what does the left superior intercostal vein empty into?

A

the left brachiocephalic vein deep to the manubrium

76
Q

where is the azygos venous system? what does it consist of?

A

located on either side of the vertebral column and drains the viscera within the mediastinum, as well as the back and thoraco-abdominal walls; azygos vein and its 2 main tributaries: hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein

77
Q

what does the azygos vein originate from? where does it move?

A

the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava and the level of the renal veins; ascends within the posterior mediastinum to the level of T4 before it arches above the right pulmonary hilum, drains into the superior vena cava just before it pierces the pericardium

78
Q

what is the hemiazygos vein formed by? where does it move?

A

esophageal and medistinal tributaries, the common trunk of the left ascending lumbar vein and left subcostal vein, and by the lower 3 posterior intercostal veins; ascends anterior to the vertebral column before crossing the column posterior to the aorta, esophagus and thoracic duct at the level of T8

79
Q

what is the accessory hemiazygos vein formed by? where does it move?

A

formed by veins from the fourth to eighth intercostal spaces and sometimes by the left bronchial veins, descends to the left of the vertebral column before crossing T7, where it joins with the azygos vein; sometimes the common trunk drains into the azygos vein

80
Q

what is the respiratory diaphragm?

A

thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; dome-shaped and consists of a peripheral muscular part, which arises from the lateral walls of the thorax and a centrally placed tendon; gets pierced by structures that pass between the thorax and the abdomen; is the most important muscle of respiration

81
Q

what are the crura of the diaphragm?

A

musculotendinous bands that arise from the anterior surface of L1-3/IVDs & the anterior longitudinal ligament; right (L1-L3/4) is larger and longer than left (L1-L2/L3)

82
Q

median arcuate ligament

A

unites the crura and forms the aortic hiatus

83
Q

medial arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (psoas major)

84
Q

lateral arcuate ligament

A

thickening of fascia (quadratus lumborum)

85
Q

what is the innervation of the respiratory diaphragm?

A

somatic motor; phrenic n. (C3-5); also carries sensory info like pain and proprioception; peripheral parts of the diaphragm also receive some sensory innervation from lower intercostal nerves

86
Q

what is unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

asymptomatic and do not require treatment most times, can resolve on its own slowly over time; some patients, if severe enough dyspnea, can benefit from surgical treatment with diaphragmatic plication, which flattens the dome of the diaphragm so the lung can expand properly

87
Q

what is bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis?

A

severe, treatment depends on level of severity, phrenic pacing used, which allows patients to use olfaction system and speak again since you can wean them off eventually

88
Q

arterial supply to the diaphragm

A

superior surface: pericardiacophrenic (branch of ITA) and musculophrenic (branch of ITA) and superior phrenic (branch of thoracic aorta)
inferior surface: inferior phrenic (branch of abdominal aorta)

89
Q

venous drainage of the diaphragm

A

superior surface: Pericardiacophrenic (drain into ITV) &: Musculophrenic and R. Superior Phrenic (drain into IVC), some veins from posterior curvature drain into azygos and hemi-azygos veins
inferior surface: right inferior phrenic (IVC) and left inferior phrenic (IVC and/or left suprarenal vein)

90
Q

what are the openings of the diaphragm?

A

Inferior caval hiatus: T8
esophageal hiatus: T10
aortic hiatus: T12
also are small openings for sympathetic splanchnic nerves, sympathetic trunk and superior epigastric vessels

91
Q

muscles ____ the ribs during inspiration

A

raise; lateral-most parts of the ribs are elevated and the transverse diameter of the thorax increases, creating a bucket handle movement; ribs are also elevated at the neck (2-6) resulting in an incease in the A-P diameter of the thorax– pump handle movement

92
Q

what does Boyle’s law have to do with respiration?

A

increase volume, decrease pressure: air comes in with less effort

93
Q

what does the diaphragm do during respiration?

A

contracts and moves down as inhale so lungs can expand; relaxes and moves up as exhale so lungs expire air

HSF (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions