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HSF > HSF 2 - Unit 1 Histology: Leukocytes > Flashcards

HSF 2 - Unit 1 Histology: Leukocytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are leukocytes? how do they leave circulation?

A

mobile white blood cells; via margination, pavementing (rolling and adhesion) and diapedesis (=extravasation)

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2
Q

what do WBCs stick to? how?

A

endothelial cell surface, squeeze between endothelial cells of capillaries and venules via pseudopodia

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3
Q

how do leukocytes get to the site of inflammation?

A

attracted via chemotaxis to the sites via cytokines

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4
Q

what are cytokines?

A

any cell product that influences another cell, like pheromone

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5
Q

how are WBCs categorized?

A

either granulocytes or agranulocytes

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6
Q

what do all WBCs possess?

A

1’ granules that stain a blue-purple color (azurophilic granules); contain lysosomal enzymes (acid hydrolases)

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7
Q

what do granulocytes possess?

A

specific granules (2’ granules) that are absent in agranulocytes; contain lysozyme and alkaline phosphatases, exhibit variable staining

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8
Q

what are the different types of granulocytes? what do they all have in common?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils; all have single, multi-lobed nucleus and prominent cytoplasmic granules

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9
Q

neutrophils

A
  • most common granulocyte, 40-75% of WBCs, 12-14 micrometers in diameter
  • multi-lobed nucleus (3-5) = polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
  • short-lived; tissue lifespan several hours-days
  • few mitochondria, use primarily anaerobic glycolysis
  • primary granules of neutrophils also contain unique antimicrobial myeloperoxidase
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10
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor, calor, tumor, dolore (red, heat, swelling, pain)

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11
Q

how do secondary granules stain?

A

either basophilic or eosinohpilic (“neutral”)

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12
Q

what do neutrophils contain?

A

inflammatory mediators and complement activators; proteases, defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme (antibacterial compounds) that are released during inflammatory rxn via degranulation; also have small 3’ granules contain gelatinase (breaks down collagen)

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13
Q

what are neutrophils associated with?

A

acute inflammation, generally lasts several days

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14
Q

how do neutrophils move?

A

using amoeboid

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15
Q

neutrophils function in ________, which leads to formation of …

A

phagocytosis, phagolysosome to digest bacteria

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16
Q

how are neutrophils attracted to bacteria?

A

chemotactic factors

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17
Q

how is phagocytosis enhanced?

A

via opsonization - coating of bacteria with Ab and complement to enhance phagocytosis

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18
Q

what is a respiratory burst?

A

bacterial killing by generating hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid

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19
Q

what are stab cells?

A

band cells, immature neutrophils

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20
Q

what is a barr body?

A

inactive X chromosome in females

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21
Q

basophils

A
  • least common of WBCs (<1%), 14-16 micrometers in diamter, bilobed nucleus
  • may or may not be circulating equivalent of mast cells in tissue
  • lifespan uncertain
  • characterized by large, basophilic specific granules
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22
Q

what do specific granules contain?

A

hydrolytic enzymes, heparin sulfate (an anticoagulant), chondroitin sulfate (proteoglycan), histamine (vasoactive amine - vasodilation and increase in vascular permeabililty), leukotrienes (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis - SRS: smooth muscle contraction; asthma)

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23
Q

what is degranulation?

A

release of granule contents into the extracellular space

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24
Q

what counteracts effects of basophils?

A

eosinophils

25
what is anaphylaxis?
very rapid, severe immune reaction that comes from severe hypersensitivity reaction
26
when is degranulation used?
type I (immediate) hypersensitivity reactions
27
eosinophils
- 1-6% of WBCs, 16 micrometers in diameter, bilobed nucleus - remain in circulation for about 3-6 hrs before entering tissue, tissue have lifespan of about 8-12 days - surface receptors for IgE - large eosinophilic specific granules contain hydrolytic enzymes (histaminase, special peroxidase called eosinophil peroxidase=EPO, lysosomal enz's, major basic protein)
28
eosinophils are important in _______ rxns...
hypersensitivity, counteract basophilic action becuase they are chemotactically attracted to basophils and mast cells via ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor)
29
eosinophils also counteract ______'s effects
ameliorate hypersensitivity rxn's and histamine; by releasing eosinophil derived inhibitor
30
what does eosinophil derived inhibitor do?
inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation
31
what is an additional function of eosinophils?
antiparasitic function, especially against flukes (helminths) and affinity for Ag-Ab complexes; parasites and Ag-Ab complexes destroyed by major basic protein and subsequent phagocytosis
32
what are the different types of agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes; both have single, unlobed nucleus and lack 2' (specific) granules, but have 1' (azurophilic) granules
33
monocytes
- 2-10% of WBCs, largest of them all with 16-20 micrometer diameter - abundant gray-blue/lavender cytosplasm; large indented nucleus - present in bloodstream 2-3 days, then extravasate, enter tissue, become macrophages (=histiocytes) - lifespan in tissue is several months
34
what are monocytes?
fixed tissue macrophage; = Kupfer cells in liver, microglial cells in CNS, Langerhans cells in skin, dust cells in lung, osteoclasts in bone
35
monocytes contain abundant...
hydrolytic enzymes
36
when are monocytes active?
subacute to chronic infections, along with lymphocytes
37
monocytes can ______ to become ...
fuse together to become epithelioid giant cells in chronic granulomas
38
monocytes also function as ...
Ag-presenting cells in lymphoid organs
39
lymphocytes
- 20-45% of WBCs that are active in subactute to chronic infections - lifespan of days to years - two size classes (small 6-9 and large 9-16) but these do not correclate with cell types - characterized by round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm - primary cell of immune system, recirculating, immunocompetent cells - b cells (10%) and t cells (90%)
40
B-cells
in mammals formed in bone marrow and become immunocompetent there, function in humorally mediated immune response- produce Ab's; after encountering Ag, undergo multiple divisions to produce clone of Ab-producing plasma cells: amplification or clonal expansion
41
some B-cells and T-cells do not _____, but...
replicate, remain as long-lived memory cells or effector cells
42
what do B-cells function in?
anamnestic response of humoral immunity; premise of vaccination to prevent disease; can also function as Ag-presenting cells
43
what do B-cells have on their cell surface?
HLA (human leukocyte Ag) Type II surface markers and surface immunoglobulins
44
T-cells
- Thymus-dependent lymphocytes - formed in bone marrow, but migrate to thymus to become immunocompetent - responsible for cell-mediated immunity; have long lifespan
45
what do T-cells have on their surface?
receptors like those on Ab's (paratopes) that recognize foreign proteins of Ag's (epitopes); also have "cluster of differentiation" determinant molecules (CD molecules) on surface that recognize HLA receptors on surface of other cells to prevent self-destruction
46
what are the different types of T-cells?
cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper lymphocytes
47
what are cytotoxic cells?
killer t-cells (Tc/Tk); primary effectors in cell-mediated immunity, tend to be large lymphocytes; recognize cells with foreign surface Ag's or receptors and kill them; punch holes in plasma membranes
48
what are helper t-cells?
Th; detect invaders, sound chemical alarm, recognize Ag, usually presented by macrophages or B-cell, then secrete lymphokines (cytokines) act as pheromones, stimulate b-cells - antibody production, or Tk cells- kill
49
what are suppressor cells?
Ts; suppress activity of b-cells, dampen immune response, especially to "self" molecules; autoimmune diseases-loss of control of Ts cells
50
what are null cells?
lymphocytes which possess Fc receptors but lack specific cell surface markers of either b- or t-cells; include NK cells; possibly some pleuripotential stem cells; responsible for nonspecific cytotoxicity against virus-infected and tumor cells; also function in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
51
what is CBC?
complete blood count: total number of WBCs
52
what is differential cell count?
relative percentages of WBCs
53
high WBCs in circulation indicates what?
infection/tumor; eg: -philia, -osis
54
high neutrophils indicates?
acute, bacteria
55
high lymphocytes indicates?
subacute, viral
56
high eosinophils indicates?
allergies, parasites
57
low WBCs indicates?
immune suppression/tumor; eg: -penia
58
low platelet indicates?
thrombocytopenia

HSF (23 decks)

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