HSF 1 - Unit 3 Anatomy Clinical Correlations Flashcards
what is coxa vara?
a decreased angle to the femoral neck and the femoral shaft that causes the distal end of the femur to deviate towards the midline and results in a slight shortening of the limb and limits passive abduction of the hip
what is coxa valga?
an increased angle to the femoral neck and femoral shaft that causes the distal end of the femur to deviate away from midline
what is congenital hip dislocation?
dislocation occurs because the femoral head is not properly aligned with the acetabulum and results in an inability to adduct the thigh at the hip joint, and affected limb will appear shorter because the dislocated limb is positioned more superiorly on the affected side, resulting on a positive Trendelenburg sign (the hip appears to drop or dip on one side) and asymmetry of the gluteal and thigh folds may also be present
what is posterior hip dislocation?
most common, frequently occurs during collisions in which sitting passenger’s knees are driven into the dashboard of the car on impact. Joint capsule of the hip ruptures inferiorly and posteriorly, and the femoral head punches through the tear, which results in a shortened and medially rotated limb. Sciatic n. may become compressed or torn during posterior dislocations, resulting in paralysis of the hamstring muscles, and muscles distal to the knee joint. Sensory innervation over the posterolateral aspect of the lower limb and most of the foot also occurs
gluteal injections
common place for intramuscular injections because of the thick muscles and can absorb a lot of substances. Important to be in the “safe zone” for such injections, this is a triangular region in the superolateral quadrant of the gluteal region, or into the anterolateral part of the thigh, between the tubercle of the iliac crest and the ASIS, this is safe because avoids the sciatic nerve and superior gluteal a
what is trochanteric bursitis?
inflammation of the trochanteric bursa, caused by repetitive actions such as climbing stairs carrying heavy objects or walking and running on steeply elevated terrain/treadmill. Fibers of Gmax repeatedly move over the bursa, causing inflammation (friction bursitis), can cause deep diffuse pain in the lateral thigh region
what is piriformis syndrome?
when the sciatic n. becomes pinched by the piriformis muscle, can result from sitting for a very long time or other activities that can cause piriformis spasm or tightness. Can result from hypertrophy of piriformis m. or anatomical variations of the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve in which it courses around or through the piriformis muscle, instead of inferior to it with the tibial division. Symptoms include painful knot or cramping in butt, tingling down the back of lower extremity or in the lower back, burning, aching, tightness in back or butt, radiating pain down the back of the lower extremity, discomfort while sitting
what are femoral hernias?
the opening of the femoral canal=femoral ring, which presents a weak area in this anterior abdominal wall that is the site of femoral hernias, which is when abdominal viscera protrudes through the femoral ring and into the femoral canal. This will present as a tender lump or mass inferior and lateral to the pubic tubercle. The lacunar ligament prevents expansion of the herniated viscera, which can become strangulated if the hernia becomes large enough. Femoral hernias are more common in females because of a wider pelvis and smaller inguinal canal
what is deep vein thrombosis?
formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the lower limb, caused by vasculitis (inflammation of the walls of veins), which is from varicose veins, surgery, sitting for prolonged periods of time with little or no movement of lower limbs. This causes swelling of the affected limb, pain and aching, feelings of heaviness, warmth and redness in area of clot. Associated swelling of the vein is called thrombophlebitis. If the clot breaks free it can travel and become lodged in other veins, potentially compromising organ function, for example in lungs, which can be fatal. (pulmonary embolism)
what is a meniscal tear?
medial and lateral menisci of the knee can become torn, this can happen due to arthritis, trauma, sports injuries, and injuries to the cruciate ligaments are all common causes of meniscal tears. Symptoms include pain and swelling, clicking and or locking of the knee, sensation of knee “giving way” and a reduced range of motion. Tears are often described by their shape: radial, oblique, flap, bucket handle, etc. The menisci have vascular (outer red zone) and avascular (inner white zone) sections, with the red healing easier and on their own, while the white cannot heal and often requires surgical trimming
what is a groin pull?
junction between trunk and thigh is considered the groin, and a strain, stretching, and probably some tearing of the proximal attachments of the thigh adductor/flexor muscles can cause a “groin pull.” A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon, and a sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments
what is compartment syndrome?
Occurs when excessive pressure builds up inside an enclosed muscle space or compartment, and usually results from bleeding or edema (swelling) after an injury. Dangerously high pressure in compartment syndrome impedes the flow of blood to and from the affected tissues, and severe forms of this can result in a loss of body function. Treatment for acute compartment syndrome may involve a fasciotomy, where the fascia gets cut to relieve tension or pressure commonly to treat the resulting loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle. This is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat this syndrome
what effects on the gait does a common fibular n. injury have?
injury to the common fibular n. Will potentially affect all of the muscles in the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg. It is the most frequently injured nerve in the lower limb because it winds subcutaneously around the fibular neck, making it vulnerable to trauma. Dorsiflexors and everters of the ankle and foot may be weakened, or paralyzed depending on the extent of injury. A waddling gait, swinging gait, and steppage gaits are all compensatory gaits that an individual may use to keep their foot from hitting or dragging on the ground when they try to walk
what is a syndesmotic ankle sprain?
Involves the ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, with the most common cause being extreme external rotation or dorsiflexion of the talus. It involves the strain or rupture of one or more of the ligaments associated with this joint. It commonly presents with concomitant fracture of lateral malleolus or spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula, and may also involve lateral malleolus and associated ligaments
what are shin splints?
tibialis anterior strain, a mild form of compartment syndrome, which is commonly caused by traumatic injury or athletic overexertion of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg (especially in individuals who are not used to long bouts of such activities). Muscles in the anterior compartment swell from sudden overuse, causing inflammation, edema, pain, and tenderness to pressure
