HS 9 M6 Flashcards
Post-Freudian Theory
Erik Erikson
He held that our ego is a positive force that creates a self-identity, a sense of “I.”
As the center of our personality, our ego helps us adapt to the various conflicts
and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling forces of
society.
Erikson
Erikson’s emphasis on social and historical factors was in contrast with Freud’s mostly biological viewpoint.
Society’s Influence
To_____, the ego exists as potential at
birth, but it must emerge from within a
cultural environment.
Erikson
Different societies, with their variations in child-rearing practices, tend to shape personalities that fit the needs and values of their culture
Society’s Influence
He believed that the ego develops
throughout the various stages of life according to an epigenetic principle, a term borrowed from embryology
Erikson
_____, growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle. That is, one component part arises out of another and has its own time of ascendancy, but it does
not entirely replace earlier components.
First
_____, in every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites—that is, a conflict between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element.
Second
______, at each stage, the conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength, which Erikson referred to as a basic strength.
Third
_____, too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage.
Fourth
_____, although Erikson referred to his eight stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect of human development.
Fifth
_____, events in earlier stages do not cause later personality development. Ego identity is shaped by a multiplicity of conflicts and events—past, present, and anticipated.
Sixth
_______, during each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an identity crisis, which Erikson (1968) called “a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potentia
Seventh
which Erikson (1968) called “_______, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potentia
a turning point
A period encompassing approximately the
first year of life.
Infancy
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
BIRTH TO 1-YEAR-OLD
Through their eyes for example, infants
take in visual stimuli. As they take in food
and sensory information, infants learn to
either trust or mistrust the outside world,
a situation that gives them realistic hope
Infancy
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
BIRTH TO 1-YEAR-OLD
Infants’ most significant interpersonal
relations are with their primary caregiver,
ordinarily their mother. If they realize that
their mother will provide food regularly,
then they will begin to learn basic trust.
Infancy
TRUST VS. MISTRUST
BIRTH TO 1-YEAR-OLD
In contrast, they learn basic mistrust if
they find no correspondence between
their oral-sensory needs and their
environment
Infancy
According to Erikson, young children
receive pleasure not only from mastering
the sphincter muscle but also from
mastering other body functions such as
urinating, walking, throwing, holding, and
so on.
Early Childhood
AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
2 – 3 YEARS OLD
children develop a sense of control over their interpersonal environment, as well as a measure of selfcontrol
Early Childhood
If early childhood is a time for self expression and autonomy, then it is also a time for________
shame and doubt
The conflict between_____becomes the major psychosocial crisis of early childhood
autonomy and doubt
Erikson’s third stage of development is
the_____e, a period covering the same
time as Freud’s phallic phase- roughly
ages 3 to 5 years.
play age
Erikson believed that the ______ is but one of several important developments during the play stage.
Oedipus complex
Although they begin to adopt initiative in their selection and pursuit of goals, many goals, such as marrying their father or mother or leaving home, must be either repressed or delayed
Play Age
The conflict betwee ______ becomes the dominant psychosocial crisis of the play age.
initiative and guilt
At this age, the social world of children is expanding beyond family to include peers, teachers, and other adult models.
School Age
______, the period from puberty to young adulthood, is one of the most crucial developmental stages because, by the end
of this period, a person must gain a firm
sense of identity
Adolescence
Although ego identity neither begins nor
ends during
adolescence
The crisis between_____confusion reaches its ascendance during this stage
identity and identity
adultlike acceptance of social, religious, political, or vocational alternatives
Identity achieved
commitment predetermined by political, social, or religious affiliation
Foreclosure
period of exploration of alternatives
Moratorium
ambiguous belief systems; no vocational commitment
Identity diffusion
After achieving a sense of identity during
adolescence, people must acquire the ability to fuse that identity with the identity of another person while maintaining their sense of individuality.
Young Adulthood
For some people, this stage is a relatively
short time, lasting perhaps only a few years.
Young Adulthood
Young adulthood- a time from about age ______ - is circumscribed not so much by time as by the acquisition of intimacy at the beginning of the stage and the development of generativity at the end.
19 to 30
is marked by the psychosocial crisis of intimacy versus isolation. Intimacy is the ability to fuse one’s identity with that of another person without fear of losing it
Young Adulthood
The psychosocial counterpart to intimacy is
isolation, defined as “the incapacity to take
chances with one’s identity by sharing true
intimacy”.
Young Adulthood
emotional element, that involves self-disclosure, which leads to connection, warmth, and trust
Intimacy
cognitive element, the decision to love and make the relationship work (exclusive or marry).
Commitment
motivational element, based on inner drives that translate physiological arousal into sexual desire
Passion
This type of love is when intimacy is
present, but feelings of passion and
commitment in the romantic sense are
missing.
Liking
In this type of love, commitment, and passion are present while intimacy is absent.
Fatuous Love
characterized by commitment without passion or intimacy.
Empty Love
is an intimate, but non passionate sort of love. It includes the intimacy component and the commitment component of
the triangle.
Companionate Love
bonds people emotionally through intimacy and physical passion.
Romantic Love
is characterized by feelings of lust and physical passion without intimacy and commitment.
Infatuation
is made up of all three components and is
the total form of love.
Consummate love
The time when people begin to take their
place in society and assume responsibility
for whatever society produces.
Adulthood
For most people, this is the longest stage of
development, spanning years from about
age 31 to 60
Adulthood
is characterized by the psychosexual mode of procreativity, the psychosocial crisis of generativity versus stagnation, and the basic strength of care.
Adulthood
need not mean that people are no
longer generative. Procreation, in the narrow sense of producing children may be absent, yet old people can remain positive and creative in other ways.
Old age
_____ means a feeling of wholeness and
coherence, an ability to hold together one’s
sense of “I-ness” despite diminishing
physical and intellectual powers.
Integrity
_____is sometimes difficult to maintain when people see that they are losing familiar aspects of their existence:
for example, spouse, friends, physical health, body strength, mental alertness,
independence, and social usefulness
Ego integrity
