HS 7 M2 Flashcards
is the process of selecting a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements such that the information Gathered from the small group will allow judgments to be made about the larger groups
Sampling
is entirely dependent on Management Problem, Research Problems, and Research Design.
Population of interest
A list of population elements (people, companies, houses, cities, etc.) from which units to be sampled can be selected.
SAMPLING FRAME
occurs when certain elements of the population are accidentally omitted or not included on the list.
Sample frame error
SAMPLING METHODS
Probability Sampling
Nonprobability sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling
Probability
Convenience sampling Judgment sampling Quota sampling Snowball sampling
Nonprobability
is a method of probability sampling in which every unit has an equal nonzero chance of being selected
Simple random sampling
is a method of probability sampling
in which the defined target population is ordered and the sample is selected
according to position using a skip interval
Systematic random sampling
is a method of probability sampling in which the population is divided
into different subgroups and samples are selected from each
Stratified random sampling
is a sampling technique used when “natural” groupings are evident in a statistical population.
Cluster sampling
It divide population into Comparable groups: Schools, Cities etc.
Cluster sampling
the technique given more accurate results when most of the variation in the population is within the groups,
Cluster Sampling
relies upon convenience and access
Convenience sampling
relies upon belief that participants fit characteristics
Judgment sampling
emphasizes representation of specific characteristics
Quota sampling
Relies upon respondent referrals of others with like characteristics
Snowball sampling
samples drawn at the convenience of the interviewer. People tend to make the selection at familiar locations and to choose respondents who are like themselves.
Convenience samples
samples that require a judgment or an “educated guess” on the part of the interviewer as to who should represent the population. Also, “judges” (informed individuals) may be asked to suggest who should be in the sample.
Judgment samples
samples that set a specific number of certain types of individuals to be interviewed
Quota samples
is a technique for developing a research sample where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances
Snowball sampling
possibilities are wide and varied with any one method of collection not inherently better than any other
Data collection
Surveying involves gathering information from individuals using a questionnaire.
SURVEYS
the most popular and common research method used in social
sciences as well as in our society
Survey research
can be anything from a short paper-and-pencil feedback form to an intensive one-on-one in-depth interview.
Survey
Survey research is primarily quantitative, but qualitative methods can be used too.
TYPES OF DATA
is a non-experimental, descriptive research method.
can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed.
survey
to form general ideas about the research questions
Exploratory survey
to collect more specific descriptions of the variables of interest
Descriptive survey
: to develop understanding of relationships among variables of interest
Explanatory survey
Data are collected at one point in time from a sample selected to represent a larger population.
Cross-sectional survey
to collect data over time.
Longitudinal surveys
Study of same population each time data are collected, although samples studied may be different
Cohort Studies
Collection of data at various time points with the same sample of respondents.
Panel Studies
Classified according to DATA APPROACHES
▪Face-to-Face Survey
▪Mail Survey
▪Telephone Survey
▪Web Survey
The steps and tasks in conducting survey
- planning
- sampling
- construction of questionnaire
- data collection
- translation of data
- analysis
- conclusions
- reporting
involves asking respondents a series of open- ended questions
Interviewing
can generate both standardized quantifiable data, and more in-depth qualitative data
Interviews
Interviews can range from
▪formal to informal
▪structured to unstructured
▪can be one on one or involve groups
Most informative method of qualitative data collection because the human interaction of face-to-face interviews provides the opportunity to probe for insights and build on responses for greater value.
Face-to-face interviews
People are contacted at home and in person (abandoned in
Developed due to high cost of transport, staff)
Street / shopping mall intercepts: Popular in Developed Economies (some Malls consider a nuisance).
Door-to-door
are less time consuming and less expensive and the researcher has ready access to anyone on the planet who has a telephone.
Telephone interviews
A new and inevitably growing methodology is the use of Internet based research.
Web based questionnaires
