HP Flashcards by Jl Almaden | Brainscape

Q

percentage of aircraft accidents due to human errors

A

50% to 75%

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Q

vision - located mostly along the rear part of the retina; form 100% of the fovea

A

cones

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Q

vision - color vision

A

cones

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Q

vision - perceive details

A

cones

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Q

vision - long range and short range vision

A

cones

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Q

vision - operative in daylight, inoperative in darkness

A

cones

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Q

vision - called central or foveal vision

A

cones

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Q

vision - located mostly along the outer parts of the retina; absent from the fovea

A

rods

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Q

vision - black and white vision

A

rods

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Q

vision - perceive only basic shapes but excellent at detecting movement

A

rods

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Q

vision - short range vision only

A

rods

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Q

vision - operative in both daylight and darkness

A

rods

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Q

vision - called peripheral or ambient vision

A

rods

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Q

using central vision, it is possible to identify an object as far as

A

7 miles

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Q

peripheral vision is restricted to about ______, but easily detect moving objects

A

0.7 mile

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Q

an aircraft that shows no relative motion and remains on a fixed spot on your windshield is on a

A

collision course

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Q

normal vertical vision field

A

60deg up 75deg down

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Q

normal horizontal vision field

A

60deg nasal 100deg temporal

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Q

a misinterpretation by the brain of what is perceived by the eyes

A

visual illusions

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Q

a small, single point of light seen against a dark background can appear to move, when it actually remains stationary

A

autokinesis

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Q

this illusion occurs when the natural horizon is obscured or not readily apparent

A

false horizon

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Q

this illusion is caused by flying over a banked cloud, night flying over featureless terrain with ground lights that are indistinguishable from a dark sky with stars, or night flying over a featureless terrain with a clearly defined pattern of ground lights and a dark, starless sky

A

false horizon

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Q

pilots learn to recognize a normal final approach by developing and recalling a mental image of the expected relationship between the length and width of an average runway

A

landing illusions

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Q

illusion - result, upslope runway or terrain

A

greater height - lower approaches

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Q

illusion - result, narrower than usual runway

A

greater height - lower approaches

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Q

illusion - result, featureless terrain

A

greater height - lower approaches

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Q

illusion - result, rain on the windshield

A

greater height - lower approaches

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Q

illusion - result, haze

A

greater height - lower approaches

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Q

illusion - result, downslope runway or terrain

A

less height - higher approaches

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Q

illusion - result, wider than usual runway

A

less height - higher approaches

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Q

illusion - result, bright runway and approach lights

A

less distance - higher approaches

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Q

defines our natural ability to maintain our body orientation and/or posture in relation to the surrounding environment, on rest and during motion

A

spatial orientation

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Q

humans are designed to maintain spatial orientation on the

A

ground only

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Q

senses responsible for spatial orientation

A

vision, kinesthetic, vestibular system

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Q

the awareness of position obtained from the nerves in the skin, joints, and muscles

A

kinesthetic (proprioceptive) sense

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Q

organ of equilibrium located in the inner ear

A

vestibular system

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Q

part of the vestibular system that detects gravity and changes in linear acceleration

A

otolith organ

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Q

part of the vestibular system that detects changes in angular acceleration

A

semicircular canals

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Q

results from an incorrect image of ones position, attitude or movement in relation to what is really happening

A

spatial disorientation

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Q

it generally occurs when the senses are sending conflicting signals, or when these signals are misinterpreted by the brain

A

spatial disorientation

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Q

it is felt when a person loses sense of verticality

A

spatial disorientation

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Q

caused by a sudden return to level flight following a gradual and prolonged turn that went unnoticed by the pilot

A

leans

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Q

after a “lean”, an abrupt recovery may cause the illusion that the aircraft is

A

banking in the opposite direction

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Q

a loss of attitude in a prolonged constant rate turn is interpreted as a wings level descent

A

graveyard spiral

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Q

pulling the control yoke on a graveyard spiral in an attempt to stop the descent will make the turn

A

tighter

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Q

involves a steep ascent in a high performance aircraft followed by a sudden return to level flight

A

inversion illusion

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Q

illusion produced and felt after a combination of linear and angular accelerations

A

tumbling backwards

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Q

involves a sudden forward linear acceleration during level flight

A

somatographic illusions

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Q

what the pilot may perceive when they experience somatographic illusion

A

that the nose of the aircraft is pitching up

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Q

illusion felt due to a sudden tilting of the pilots head while the aircraft is turning

A

coriolis illusion

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Q

illusion that produces an almost bearable sensation that the aircraft is rolling, pitching , and yawing all at the same time, which can be compared with the sensation of rolling down on a hill side

A

coriolis illusion

Q

to be better aware of spatial disorientation and better counteract its effects, various devices can be used, such as

A

Barany chair, a GYRO, virtual reality spatial discorder demonstrator

Q

before flying with less than ___ miles visibility, obtain training and maintain proficiency in airplane control by ______

A

3, reference to instruments

Q

if intending to fly at night, maintain

A

night flight currency

Q

is a form of motion sickness a condition in which information provided by the vestibular system disagree with the movements perceived by the eyes

A

airsickness

Q

symptoms for airsickness

A

dizziness, nausea, sweating, general discomfort, paleness

Q

how to avoid airsickness

A

avoid turbulent air, and allow fresh air into the cockpit by opening the air vents

Q

caused by a light flickering at a frequency of 4 to 20 flashes per second

A

flicker vertigo

Q

in a single engine airplane, flicker vertigo can be caused by looking through a ____ when flying ____

A

moving propeller, towards the sun

Q

how to prevent flicker vertigo

A

avoiding looking at a source of light through a propeller for an extended period, and by regularly varying the propellers speed

Q

made of plasma, within which cells are found

A

blood

Q

part of the blood that contains hemoglobin

A

red blood cells

Q

part of the blood which produces antibodies as a protection against diseases

A

white blood cells

Q

part of the blood used in blood clotting in an event of an injury

A

platelets

Q

acts as a pump to provide all parts, organs and body tissues with nutrients and hormones carried by the blood

A

heart

Q

people placed in an oxygen deficient environment will experience

A

euphoria - a feeling of increased well being

Q

type of hypoxia - oxygen in the atmosphere can not pass through the membranes of the lungs due to low partial pressure

A

hypoxic hypoxia

Q

type of hypoxia - inability of the blood to carry oxygen, often due to carbon monoxide poisoning

A

hypemic hypoxia

Q

type of hypoxia - inadequate circulation of oxygen due to excessive positive Gs

A

stagnant hypoxia

Q

type of hypoxia - due to the inability of the cells to effectively utilize oxygen caused by alcohol and drugs

A

histotoxic hypoxia

Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

increased breathing rate, headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling sensations, sweating, poor coordination, impared judgement, tunnel vision, euphoria, cyanosis

Q

time of useful consciousness - 45000 ft MSL

A

9 to 15 seconds

Q

time of useful consciousness - 40000 ft MSL

A

15 to 20 seconds

Q

time of useful consciousness - 35000 ft MSL

A

30 to 60 seconds

Q

time of useful consciousness - 30000 ft MSL

A

1 to 2 minutes

Q

time of useful consciousness - 28000 ft MSL

A

2.5 to 3 minutes

Q

time of useful consciousness - 25000 ft MSL

A

3 to 5 minutes

Q

time of useful consciousness - 22000 ft MSL

A

5 to 10 minutes

Q

time of useful consciousness - 20000 ft MSL

A

30 minutes or more

Q

rules specify that supplemental oxygen is required

A

after 30 minutes on flights between 10000-13000 feet MSL, immediately upon exposure to cabin pressures above 13000 feet MSL

Q

occurs when rapid or deep breathing removes excessive amounts of carbon dioxide from the body

A

hyperventilation

Q

occurs often due to anxiety or panic, excessive use of aspirin, stimulant use, asthma

A

hyperventilation

Q

symptoms of hyperventilation

A

dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, shortness of breath, unsteadiness, muscle spasms in the hands and feet, tingling around the mouth and fingertips, pale and clammy appearance

Q

recommendations in the case of hyperventilation

A

breath in a paper bag, slow down breathing rate, talk aloud

Q

results from exposure to low barometric pressures

A

barotrauma

Q

can occur when exposed to altitude or during ascent from depth

A

decompression sickness

Q

DCS due to bubbles forming in the joints

A

bends

Q

DCS due to bubbles forming under the skin

A

creeps

Q

DCS possible burning sensation in chest due to bubbles forming in the lungs

A

chokes

Q

scuba diving and flying, before flying up to 8000 feet MSL wait atleast

A

12 hours after a non decompression stop dive, 24 hours after a decompression stop dive

Q

scuba diving and flying, before flying above 8000 feet MSL wait atleast

A

24 hours after any scuba dive

Q

common infections that may produce congestion around the eustachian tube to keep it closed

A

cold or sore throat

Q

maneuver done to equalize the pressure

A

valsalva maneuver, yawning or swallowing

Q

this condition produces excruciating pain over the sinuses, pain in the upper teeth, and sometimes, bloody nasal discharge

A

sinus block

Q

critical factor in decision making

A

situational awareness

Q

ability to perceive elements of the environment with respect to time and space, through multiple perspectives and interpretations

A

situational awareness

Q

knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do

A

situational awareness

Q

the mental process used to constantly determine the best course of action in response to circumstances

A

aeronautical decision making

Q

3P Model

A

perceive, process, perform

Q

DECIDE Model

A

detect, estimate, choose, identify, do, evaluate

Q

pilot that deals with the events as they come, important skill in sudden and unexpected situations

A

reactive pilot

Q

pilot that rehearses problems before they arise, allowing to make better decisions in a shorter time

A

proactive pilot

Q

5 hazardous attitudes

A

antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation

Q

the bodys response to the physical and psychological demands which are placed upon it

A

stress

Q

stress that can be caused overtime by noise or vibrations

A

physical stress

Q

stress that may be due to fatigue, lack of fitness or sleep, missed meals, and illness

A

physiological stress

Q

stress that can arise from a difficult work or personal situations, but also from mental workload such as navigating an aircraft

A

psychological stress

Q

stress caused by an immediate threat which triggers a fight or flight response

A

acute stress

Q

a short term type of stress with which a healthy individual can easily cope through diversion

A

acute stress

Q

a long term type of stress which presents an intolerable burden, necessitates the help of a physician

A

chronic stress

Q

a condition during attention and concentration are degraded, coordination is impared, and ability to communicate is decreased

A

fatigue

Q

type of fatigue that can result from lack of sleep or exercise, or from prolonged physical work

A

physical fatigue

Q

type of fatigue that is often due to stress and prolonged intellectual work

A

mental fatigue

Q

type of fatigue that is caused by a period of strenuous effort, excitement, stress, lack of sleep

A

acute fatigue

Q

a short term type of fatigue which can be prevented with a well balanced diet, and adequate rest and sleep

A

acute fatigue

Q

stress that extends over a long period of time, during which high levels of stress, irritability, weakness, tiredness, heart palpitations, breathlessness, and headaches may be experienced. It can also create stomach or intestinal problems and generalized aches and pains

A

chronic fatigue

Q

by rule, it is prohibited to fly within _____ hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage

A

eight

Q

by rule, it is prohibited to have a _____ percent or more alcohol in the blood

A

0.04

Q

effects of alcohol

A

impared judgement, decreased sense of responsibility, decreased coordination, constricted visual field, diminished memory, reduced reasoning, increased error frequency, impairments in vision and hearing, risk of histotoxic hypoxia

Q

on an empty stomach ____ percent to ____ percent of the ingested alcohol passes into bloodstream within ____ minutes

A

80, 90, 30

Q

after alcohol ingestion, the body requires about ____ hours to rid itself of all the alcohol contained in a _____ beer

A

3, single

Q

drugs, pilot performance can be seriously

A

degraded

Q

are substances causing a depressing effect on the body

A

depressants

Q

induces balance disorders, hearing loss, nausea, and vomiting

A

antibiotics

Q

IM SAFE Checklist

A

illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating