HP Flashcards
percentage of aircraft accidents due to human errors
50% to 75%
vision - located mostly along the rear part of the retina; form 100% of the fovea
cones
vision - color vision
cones
vision - perceive details
cones
vision - long range and short range vision
cones
vision - operative in daylight, inoperative in darkness
cones
vision - called central or foveal vision
cones
vision - located mostly along the outer parts of the retina; absent from the fovea
rods
vision - black and white vision
rods
vision - perceive only basic shapes but excellent at detecting movement
rods
vision - short range vision only
rods
vision - operative in both daylight and darkness
rods
vision - called peripheral or ambient vision
rods
using central vision, it is possible to identify an object as far as
7 miles
peripheral vision is restricted to about ______, but easily detect moving objects
0.7 mile
an aircraft that shows no relative motion and remains on a fixed spot on your windshield is on a
collision course
normal vertical vision field
60deg up 75deg down
normal horizontal vision field
60deg nasal 100deg temporal
a misinterpretation by the brain of what is perceived by the eyes
visual illusions
a small, single point of light seen against a dark background can appear to move, when it actually remains stationary
autokinesis
this illusion occurs when the natural horizon is obscured or not readily apparent
false horizon
this illusion is caused by flying over a banked cloud, night flying over featureless terrain with ground lights that are indistinguishable from a dark sky with stars, or night flying over a featureless terrain with a clearly defined pattern of ground lights and a dark, starless sky
false horizon
pilots learn to recognize a normal final approach by developing and recalling a mental image of the expected relationship between the length and width of an average runway
landing illusions
illusion - result, upslope runway or terrain
greater height - lower approaches
illusion - result, narrower than usual runway
greater height - lower approaches
illusion - result, featureless terrain
greater height - lower approaches
illusion - result, rain on the windshield
greater height - lower approaches
illusion - result, haze
greater height - lower approaches
illusion - result, downslope runway or terrain
less height - higher approaches
illusion - result, wider than usual runway
less height - higher approaches
illusion - result, bright runway and approach lights
less distance - higher approaches
defines our natural ability to maintain our body orientation and/or posture in relation to the surrounding environment, on rest and during motion
spatial orientation
humans are designed to maintain spatial orientation on the
ground only
senses responsible for spatial orientation
vision, kinesthetic, vestibular system
the awareness of position obtained from the nerves in the skin, joints, and muscles
kinesthetic (proprioceptive) sense
organ of equilibrium located in the inner ear
vestibular system
part of the vestibular system that detects gravity and changes in linear acceleration
otolith organ
part of the vestibular system that detects changes in angular acceleration
semicircular canals
results from an incorrect image of ones position, attitude or movement in relation to what is really happening
spatial disorientation
it generally occurs when the senses are sending conflicting signals, or when these signals are misinterpreted by the brain
spatial disorientation
it is felt when a person loses sense of verticality
spatial disorientation
caused by a sudden return to level flight following a gradual and prolonged turn that went unnoticed by the pilot
leans
after a “lean”, an abrupt recovery may cause the illusion that the aircraft is
banking in the opposite direction
a loss of attitude in a prolonged constant rate turn is interpreted as a wings level descent
graveyard spiral
pulling the control yoke on a graveyard spiral in an attempt to stop the descent will make the turn
tighter
involves a steep ascent in a high performance aircraft followed by a sudden return to level flight
inversion illusion
illusion produced and felt after a combination of linear and angular accelerations
tumbling backwards
involves a sudden forward linear acceleration during level flight
somatographic illusions
what the pilot may perceive when they experience somatographic illusion
that the nose of the aircraft is pitching up
illusion felt due to a sudden tilting of the pilots head while the aircraft is turning
coriolis illusion
illusion that produces an almost bearable sensation that the aircraft is rolling, pitching , and yawing all at the same time, which can be compared with the sensation of rolling down on a hill side
coriolis illusion
to be better aware of spatial disorientation and better counteract its effects, various devices can be used, such as
Barany chair, a GYRO, virtual reality spatial discorder demonstrator
before flying with less than ___ miles visibility, obtain training and maintain proficiency in airplane control by ______
3, reference to instruments
if intending to fly at night, maintain
night flight currency
is a form of motion sickness a condition in which information provided by the vestibular system disagree with the movements perceived by the eyes
airsickness
symptoms for airsickness
dizziness, nausea, sweating, general discomfort, paleness
how to avoid airsickness
avoid turbulent air, and allow fresh air into the cockpit by opening the air vents
caused by a light flickering at a frequency of 4 to 20 flashes per second
flicker vertigo
in a single engine airplane, flicker vertigo can be caused by looking through a ____ when flying ____
moving propeller, towards the sun
how to prevent flicker vertigo
avoiding looking at a source of light through a propeller for an extended period, and by regularly varying the propellers speed
made of plasma, within which cells are found
blood
part of the blood that contains hemoglobin
red blood cells
part of the blood which produces antibodies as a protection against diseases
white blood cells
part of the blood used in blood clotting in an event of an injury
platelets
acts as a pump to provide all parts, organs and body tissues with nutrients and hormones carried by the blood
heart
people placed in an oxygen deficient environment will experience
euphoria - a feeling of increased well being
type of hypoxia - oxygen in the atmosphere can not pass through the membranes of the lungs due to low partial pressure
hypoxic hypoxia
type of hypoxia - inability of the blood to carry oxygen, often due to carbon monoxide poisoning
hypemic hypoxia
type of hypoxia - inadequate circulation of oxygen due to excessive positive Gs
stagnant hypoxia
type of hypoxia - due to the inability of the cells to effectively utilize oxygen caused by alcohol and drugs
histotoxic hypoxia
symptoms of hypoxia
increased breathing rate, headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, tingling sensations, sweating, poor coordination, impared judgement, tunnel vision, euphoria, cyanosis
time of useful consciousness - 45000 ft MSL
9 to 15 seconds
time of useful consciousness - 40000 ft MSL
15 to 20 seconds
time of useful consciousness - 35000 ft MSL
30 to 60 seconds
time of useful consciousness - 30000 ft MSL
1 to 2 minutes
time of useful consciousness - 28000 ft MSL
2.5 to 3 minutes
time of useful consciousness - 25000 ft MSL
3 to 5 minutes
time of useful consciousness - 22000 ft MSL
5 to 10 minutes
time of useful consciousness - 20000 ft MSL
30 minutes or more
rules specify that supplemental oxygen is required
after 30 minutes on flights between 10000-13000 feet MSL, immediately upon exposure to cabin pressures above 13000 feet MSL
occurs when rapid or deep breathing removes excessive amounts of carbon dioxide from the body
hyperventilation
occurs often due to anxiety or panic, excessive use of aspirin, stimulant use, asthma
hyperventilation
symptoms of hyperventilation
dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, shortness of breath, unsteadiness, muscle spasms in the hands and feet, tingling around the mouth and fingertips, pale and clammy appearance
recommendations in the case of hyperventilation
breath in a paper bag, slow down breathing rate, talk aloud
results from exposure to low barometric pressures
barotrauma
can occur when exposed to altitude or during ascent from depth
decompression sickness
DCS due to bubbles forming in the joints
bends
DCS due to bubbles forming under the skin
creeps
DCS possible burning sensation in chest due to bubbles forming in the lungs
chokes
scuba diving and flying, before flying up to 8000 feet MSL wait atleast
12 hours after a non decompression stop dive, 24 hours after a decompression stop dive
scuba diving and flying, before flying above 8000 feet MSL wait atleast
24 hours after any scuba dive
common infections that may produce congestion around the eustachian tube to keep it closed
cold or sore throat
maneuver done to equalize the pressure
valsalva maneuver, yawning or swallowing
this condition produces excruciating pain over the sinuses, pain in the upper teeth, and sometimes, bloody nasal discharge
sinus block
critical factor in decision making
situational awareness
ability to perceive elements of the environment with respect to time and space, through multiple perspectives and interpretations
situational awareness
knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do
situational awareness
the mental process used to constantly determine the best course of action in response to circumstances
aeronautical decision making
3P Model
perceive, process, perform
DECIDE Model
detect, estimate, choose, identify, do, evaluate
pilot that deals with the events as they come, important skill in sudden and unexpected situations
reactive pilot
pilot that rehearses problems before they arise, allowing to make better decisions in a shorter time
proactive pilot
5 hazardous attitudes
antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, resignation
the bodys response to the physical and psychological demands which are placed upon it
stress
stress that can be caused overtime by noise or vibrations
physical stress
stress that may be due to fatigue, lack of fitness or sleep, missed meals, and illness
physiological stress
stress that can arise from a difficult work or personal situations, but also from mental workload such as navigating an aircraft
psychological stress
stress caused by an immediate threat which triggers a fight or flight response
acute stress
a short term type of stress with which a healthy individual can easily cope through diversion
acute stress
a long term type of stress which presents an intolerable burden, necessitates the help of a physician
chronic stress
a condition during attention and concentration are degraded, coordination is impared, and ability to communicate is decreased
fatigue
type of fatigue that can result from lack of sleep or exercise, or from prolonged physical work
physical fatigue
type of fatigue that is often due to stress and prolonged intellectual work
mental fatigue
type of fatigue that is caused by a period of strenuous effort, excitement, stress, lack of sleep
acute fatigue
a short term type of fatigue which can be prevented with a well balanced diet, and adequate rest and sleep
acute fatigue
stress that extends over a long period of time, during which high levels of stress, irritability, weakness, tiredness, heart palpitations, breathlessness, and headaches may be experienced. It can also create stomach or intestinal problems and generalized aches and pains
chronic fatigue
by rule, it is prohibited to fly within _____ hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage
eight
by rule, it is prohibited to have a _____ percent or more alcohol in the blood
0.04
effects of alcohol
impared judgement, decreased sense of responsibility, decreased coordination, constricted visual field, diminished memory, reduced reasoning, increased error frequency, impairments in vision and hearing, risk of histotoxic hypoxia
on an empty stomach ____ percent to ____ percent of the ingested alcohol passes into bloodstream within ____ minutes
80, 90, 30
after alcohol ingestion, the body requires about ____ hours to rid itself of all the alcohol contained in a _____ beer
3, single
drugs, pilot performance can be seriously
degraded
are substances causing a depressing effect on the body
depressants
induces balance disorders, hearing loss, nausea, and vomiting
antibiotics
IM SAFE Checklist
illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eating
