HOW TO ACQUIRE AND PROCESS INFORMATION

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning through association. An unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., bell) until the conditioned stimulus alone evokes the response (Pavlov’s experiment).

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Learning through reinforcement and punishment. Behaviors are shaped by their consequences. Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by providing rewards; negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by removing adverse stimuli.

Question 3

Attribution Theory

Answer 3

The process of assigning causes to behavior. Causal attributions can be internal (personal traits) or external (situational factors).

Question 4

Correspondence Bias

Answer 4

The tendency to overestimate personal traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior.

Question 5

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 5

The tendency to attribute success to oneself and failures to external factors.

Question 6

Actor-Observer Bias

Answer 6

Attributing one’s own actions to external causes while attributing others’ actions to internal causes.

Question 7

Dual Process Theory

Answer 7

Refers to two systems of thinking: System 1 (fast, intuitive, and automatic) and System 2 (slow, deliberate, and analytical).