How Popular was the Nazi regime? 1933-1939 (Controversy 2: part 1) Flashcards
What one word must always be considered with popularity?
FLUCTUATION - - people had different experiences of the Nazis at different times
What’s the fluctuation in voting trends between the November 1932 election and March 1933?
dropped to 33.1% in 1932 by 1933 it rose to 44%
What was the communist group in opposition to the SA?
The Red Front Fighter’s League
On 10th May 1933 what did the Nazis do to try and control popular opinion?
They burnt the books of ‘forbidden’ authors in Berlin
When was the Reich Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda created?
March 1933
Who was head of the Reich Minister of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda?
Goebbels
Which law was passed which resulted in the dismissal of Jewish, communist and socialist journalists?
The Editor’s Law of October 1933 which called for ‘racially pure journalism’
When was the Gestapo created?
1933
What were the three methods Hitler used to maintain support?
Terror, Rewards and Propaganda
When did Himmler become leader of the SS?
1929
What figure did the SS increase to?
52,000
What was Himmler’s title in 1936?
Reichsfuhrer SS and Chief of all German Police
What was the RSHA?
The new organisation under which all party and state police organisations were amalgamated —– coordinated by Heydrich
Who did the policing of Germany?
Gestapo and Kripo (criminal police which maintained law and order)
How did the numbers of ‘political opposition’ kept in concentration camps change from 1936 to 1939?
It was limited to 6000 and once they altered the camps to be like Dachau they rounded up any who didn’t conform totalling 21,000 by 1939
What was the Waffen SS?
The radically pure, armed division of the SS
How did E. Kogon describe the SS power block?
a ‘state within a state’
On 19 August 1934 what percentage of Germans voted in favour of Hitler becoming Fuhrer?
89.9%
What did the historian Jacques Delarue say about the comprehensiveness of the Gestapo?
‘Never before … had an organisation attained such a comprehensive penetration… in its ability to arose terror and horror.’
How many people did the Gestapo have?
32,000
What is Gellately’s conclusion about the effectiveness of the Gestapo?
Many denunciations were from hostile or jealous neighbours and they didn’t have the resources to be so widespread - it was propaganda and the people
In April 1939 how many did the Gestapo claim were in protective custody?
162, 734
What were the 3 main aims of the Nazi propaganda?
- to glorify the regime
- to spread Nazi ideology and values
- to win over the people
How did Nazi propagandists use the radio as an effective medium? How many German households owned a radio in 1930s?
They recognised that the spoken word was effective, especially with Hitler’s oratory. Goebbels unified all German broadcasting under the creation of the Reich Radio Company. The Nazis arranged the production of a cheap set of radios to give away free (State Paternalism) to spread Nazism.
4.5 million out of 20 million
What is the name of the Nazi publishing house?
Eher Verlag
By 1939 how much of the German press did Eher Verlag control?
2/3
When was the Berlin Olympics?
1936
How were they used to spread Nazi propaganda?
They were meant to show the ‘new Germany’ positively towards other nations as well as to Germans. They would also glorify the regime.
How many millions Reichsmarks were spent on the Olympics sports complex?
42 million Reichsmarks
How did Goebbels create a Nazi identity? What did this do for the Nation?
Through the Nazi salute, Heil Hitler greeting, Horst Wessel anthem and Brownshirts’ uniform - created a sense of belonging for the people and turned Nazism into a movement rather than just a political party.
What key ideas were the Arts supposed to show?
- anti-Semitism
- militarism and glorification of the war
- nationalism and supremacy of the Aryan race
- the cult of the Fuhrer
- anti-modernism
How many German writers left Germany during the years 1933-45?
Over 2500
Who were 2 artists of ‘new objectivity’ from the Weimar Republic who were censored?
Otto Dix and George Grosz
How did the Nazis show their disdain for the old type of art in July 1937?
Two contrasting art exhibitions were launched entitled ‘Degenerate Art’ and ‘Great German Art’
What Nazi ideology did Richard Darre promote?
‘Blood and Soil’ - - showed peasants and farmers as radically pure elements of the Volk, upholding traditional values
Which law in 1933 gave security of tenure to medium-seized farms?
The Reich Entailed Farm Law of 1933
What did the Reich Food Estate supervise?
every aspect of agricultural production and distribution - but it became resented by the farmers
When did food prices increase?
1933-1936
How did the Junker support for the Nazis fluctuate?
It supported the Nazis before 1939 when it wasn’t threatened - - - in 1945 when the Russians invaded east Germany, they no longer support - all land taken
What movement did the Nazis try to cultivate to replace Christianity?
‘GERMAN FAITH MOVEMENT’
When did the Nazis and Papacy sign a Concordat?
July 1933
What were the main 3 aims for women?
1) To produce children
2) care for the house and husband
3) stop paid employment
When was the party regulation that excluded women from any senior positions?
1921
Between which years were women barred from jobs in medicine, law and high ranks of the civil service?
1933-1936
What percentage of university students were women?
10%
In June 1933 what did the Nazi party introduce to encourage women to give up their jobs?
Interest free loans for women who withdrew from the labour market
By how much did the percentage of women in employment fall by?
6%
By how much did female employment rise between 1937 and 1939? Why?
from 5.7 to 7.1 million because of economic necessity
What were the 5 measures introduced to increase the population?
1) Marriage loans
2) Income tax reduced
3) Maternity benefits improved
4) Anti-abortion laws enforced
5) Contraceptive advice and facilities reduced
From which date the birth rate increase significantly?
1933
What did the Nazis allow to happen to Aryan girls?
for them to be impregnated by SS soldiers to create the herrenvolk
How many were born under the SS/Aryan girls circumstances?
11,000