How drugs exhibit their effects

Question 1

pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs

Question 2

clinically relevant PD parameters

Answer 2

mechanism of action, relationship between drug concentration and effect, side effects or adverse reactions

Question 3

pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

movement of drug molecules into, through, and out of the body. ability for living organism to absorb, distribute, metabolize and excrete a drug

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

movement from administration site into systemic circulation (into the blood stream); need to reach their target tissues

Question 5

bioavailability

Answer 5

actual quantity of drug that enters into the system circulation and eventually reaches the target

Question 6

distribution

Answer 6

movement from systemic circulation into tissues

Question 7

barriers to drug distribution

Answer 7

drug’s chemical properties, tissue blood flow, degree of protein binding, degree of tissue binding, anatomic barriers

Question 8

metabolism (biotransformation)

Answer 8

when the body modifies the drug so it can be excreted; mostly in liver

Question 9

elimination/excretion

Answer 9

removal of drug/metabolite from body; kidney via urine, liver via bile and feces

Question 10

how drugs exert their effects

Answer 10

receptor on cell wall combines with specific drug, not all drugs have the same effect

Question 11

most common diseases that impact drug PK

Answer 11

liver disease, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease

Question 12

cardiovascular disease

Answer 12

alters the distribution of blood flow to tissues; more blood is distributed to the brain and heart

Question 13

kidney disease

Answer 13

decreased drug elimination, increased plasma drug concentrations, risk of toxicity, increased fluid retention, potential drug interactions

Question 14

liver disease

Answer 14

primary site of drug metabolism; difficult to predict need for dosage adjustments

Question 15

side effects

Answer 15

drug interacting with multiple tissue types, multiple cellular targets, alteration in patient’s physiology and/or drug pharmacokinetics

Question 16

half-life

Answer 16

amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by half

Question 17

potency

Answer 17

strength of a drug at a particular dosage

Question 18

efficacy

Answer 18

degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient

Question 19

adverse drug reaction

Answer 19

undesirable response to a drug by a patient. may vary from mild to fatal

Question 20

withdrawal time

Answer 20

time required after administration of the last dose of a drug and the production of meat or other animal derived products such as eggs or milk

Question 21

the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reached general circulation is called bioavailability

Answer 21

true

Question 22

the next step after a drug is administered to a patient is distribution of the drug

Answer 22

false