How did the indigenous peoples respond to British rule: 1890-1914

Question 1

Indian Nationalism

Answer 1

1885 saw creation of the Indian National Congress with moderates and extremists emerging in the 1890:

• Moderates called for gradual reform to Indian government posts and eventual independence in Commonwealth framework
• Extremists called for cut off India from Britain

Question 2

Opposition in Indian Professional classes and nationalist newspapers

Answer 2

Tilak and Paranjape (founders of ‘Kesari’ and ‘Kaal’) were imprisoned for steering hostility in 1908

Question 3

Young Indian organisation in 1903

Answer 3

Home for political activists who planned and carried out assassinations of British officials

Question 4

Partition of Bengal

Answer 4

Started campaigns and protests against British goods (British goods were boycotted)

Question 5

Challenges in Somaliland

Answer 5

• Sayyid Hassan (religious warrior) built up armed force of 20,000 (with Ottoman Empire) - wanted to drive all Christians into the sea
• From 1900 had been raiding British Somaliland
• Britain lost Battle of Dul Maboa in August 1913 however Britain and Emperor of Ethiopia join forces, stopping raiders after the WW1

Question 6

Challenges in Zanzibar

Answer 6

• Suspicious death of pro-British leader Sultan Hamoud leads to Khalid bin Barghash takes control of Zanzibar with 6000 troops
• British bombarde city from ships ending the war in less than two days

Question 7

Causation of the Second Boer War

Answer 7

• Rhodes wanted a South African Federation in which Cape and British would dominate (links to Jameson Raid)
• Clashes over voting rights of Uitlanders (Milner aggressive at Bloemfontein Conference May-June 1899 by demanding voting rights for Uitlanders) however Kruger refuses and in October 1899 issues ultimation which Milner refuses, leads to Boers attacking Cape and initiating war

Question 8

Consequences of the Second Boer War

Answer 8

Boer families and black Africans were placed in concentration camps where 20,000 died, showed vulnerability of British imperial control as they had to call on troops from throughout the Empire

Question 9

Outcome of the Second Boer War

Answer 9

• Leads to Boers surrender May 1902 and Treaty of Vereeniging May 1902 (gives Boers £3 million in compensation for their farms following scorched earth)
• Transvaal self-governing in 1906
• Orange River State self-governing in 1907
• Union of South Africa 1910, a British dominion

Question 10

Rule in the Sudan

Answer 10

Following the Battle of Omdurman and the fall of Khartoum 1898, many Sudanese welcomed the fall of the Mahdist Regime:
* Sudanese economy had declined
* 50% of the population died

Question 11

Challenges to rule in the Sudan

Answer 11

• It took British more than 30 years to subdue the tribes in the south of the Sudan
• The Sudanese did not agree with the implementation of a modern government, land tenure rules and taxation with tribes refused to pay tax or renounce their customs
• Mahdist uprisings in 1902-03, 1904, 1908
• Public hangings without trial for the rebels