How Did Key Indistrirs Develop During The Industrial Era? Flashcards
What was the 1825 Stockton and Darlington Railway?
The world’s first steam powered public railway
Advancements in the transport industry
1763 the Duke of Bridgewater installed a canal system so the price of coal reduced at different locations as it became more accessible.
George Stephenson invented the modern railway system in 1825.
1st Passenger railway = 1830 Stockton and Darlington.
Efficiency of the speed engine improved
Advancements in the Iron and Coal industry
Water wheels for cotton meant more iron was needed.
Output of pig iron rose from 68000 tonnes in 1788 to 250,000 tonnes in 1804.
Mainly in Black country, South Wales, Yorkshire
Coal use increased as it was cheaper and more efficient than wood.
Growth of Industry provided employment.
1813 Mining conditions improved - 1815 Sir Hunphrey Dovey made a new light.
Advancements in the Trade Industry
Lord Liverpool’s government supported Lassez Faires.
Corn Laws 1815 moved to free trade.
Budget of 1824 and 1825 increased.
Huskisson and Robinson free tariffs and regulations.
Increased imports and exports
Advancements in the Cotton industry
Cotton was the main raw materials of the Industrial Revolution.
Cotton was suited to the hard mechanical treatment of the machinery.
Increased population = increased demand.
1800 cotton export value = £5.4 Mil, 1860= £46.8 mil
1825 Cotton was Britain’s biggest import.
Technological innovation and reorganisation of the workforce changed the Industry.
1820 Fully mechanised industry.
1789 Edmund Cartwright invented new Power loom.
Child labour used.
Cultivated in India + Middle east.
Advancements in the Steam Industry
1712 - Thomas Newcomen developed 1st practical steam engine - originally used to pump water out of mines. It was inefficient and limited in use.
1765 - James Wyatt improves efficiency by adding a separate condensed, which also reduced fuel use.
1775- Wyatt and Boulten Partner to form Boulten and Wyatt, which marketed the engine widely, making it standard in various industries.
1781- Wyatt modified the engine to produce rotary motion, allowing it to directly power machinery, expand to textiles, metalworks and manufacturing.
1801- Richard Trevthick innovated the steam engine making them high pressure and
He built the first ever locomotive.
1825 - George Stephenson developed Locomotive No.1, the first public steam railway on the Stockton and Darlington Railway.
From 1838 - Isambord Kingdom Brunel innovated steam powered ships, revolutionising marine time travel.
Evidence of industrialisation Evolution
By 1800 over 1/2 the villages were engaged in industrial pursuits and manufacturing.
Much Industry including large-scale industry was still located in the countryside.
Industrial villages were centred on the pit or ironworks.
1st steam engine was developed by Richard Arkwright in 1786 yet the first railway was not built until 1825 - Darlington and Stockton.
Thomas Newcomen built the first practical steam engine in 1712 but it wasn’t until 1781 when Wyatt modified the engine allowing it to directly power machinery. It then wasn’t until 1801, when Trevithick innovated + built high pressure steam train that was used to build the 1st Steam locomotive.
Urbanisation, national employment and trade increase overtime.
Evidence of Industrial Revolution
Raw cotton consumptions rose from 25,000 to 30,000 tones between 1760 and 1850.
1860 Cotton export value = £46.8M, 1800 = £5.4M
Output of pig iron rose from 6400 tonnes in 1788 to 250,000 in 1804.
Stockton and Darlington Railway 1825 - 1st Steam Powered Public railway.
The Manchester population increased Sixfold between 1771 and 1831.
Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 - repeal marked a shift towards free trade.
The Customs Act of 1842 = Tariff Reductions.
Urbanisation: London Population 1700 = 575,000 , 1851 = 2,360,000
Coal Production rose by 30 Million tonnes over 60 years.
What was the population increase and how did it boost industries?
London Population:
1700=57,5000
1851=236,000
This created a higher demand for agriculture and supplies.
For example, the agricultural revolution concieded with the population boom. There was a need for increased efficiency with led to the adaption of new machinery. The steam industry revolutionised the agricultural industry - 1771 Wyatt modified the steam engine allowing it to directly power machinery.
Improved plows and harrows were often made of iron, replacing traditional wood implements. (Output of pig iron rose from 68,000 tonnes in 1788 to 250,000 in 1804.)
What was the Enclosure Movement?
common land was privatised.
Benefitted wealthy landowners but displaced many small farmers and led to protest and unrest.
It increased Agricultural Efficiency – Larger, enclosed farms used new farming techniques (e.g., crop rotation, selective breeding).
