How did Cromwell Change England? Flashcards
What did Cromwell do 1519-1532?
.1519 - Wolsey’s household, Inns of Court.
.1524 - successful legal practise.
.1529 - Parliament member - attacked Church abuse.
.1531 - Royal Council - Wolsey loyal.
.1532 - managed King’s divorce.
.1532 - Mater of King’s Jewels.
What did Wolsey do 1532-40?
.Promotions/titles outside of Church.
.1532-36 - Acts - destroyed Rome’s power, Church of England, Henry all power.
.1533 - Exchequer Chancellor and Master of Rolls.
.1535 - Vicar General.
.1536 - Lord Privy Seal, Principle Secretary, Baron.
.1540 - Lord Great Chamberlain, Earl of Essex.
What is the story of Wolsey?
.1485? - born - father ale-house keeper/cloth-worker.
.Netherlands, Italian soldier.
.1516 - England, married, Wolsey.
.No formal education.
.1503 - Battle of Garigliano - on French side.
.Accountancy, trade, legal practise.
.Solicitor/commissioner.
.1523 - MP, Cardinal’s Secretary.
.Independent moneylender, lawyer, merchant, arbitrator.
.1529 - Henry Head of Church.
.1532 - Master of Great Wards.
.Chief Minister and paid for vernacular Bible publishing.
How did Cromwell solve the Great Matter?
.Exploited weaknesses of Catholic Church - Humanism, anti-clericalism rise.
.Pressured Pope - annate payments, clergy submission, ordinaries supplication.
.Parliament Acts - appeals, succession, supremacy, treason, annate restraints, suppressing monasteries.
How did he exploit the Church’s weaknesses?
.Humanist criticisms/ anticlerical satire - Erasmus, Cole, Fish.
.1528 - Christopher St German - challenged legal supremacy claims - English law superior - attack ready.
.More intellectual justifications - Collectanea Satis Copiosa - Foxe, Cranmer.
.Henry - expert opinions - continental universities, More humiliated, present to Parliamentary houses.
How did he pressurise the Pope?
.1531 - Fined clergy and praemunire, attack sustain, King Head of Church.
.1532 - Act of Conditional Restraint of Annates - first year of income.
.1532 - House of Commons Supplication against the Ordinaries - Anti-clericalism increased.
.1532 - Clergy formally submitted - More resigned.
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
.April 1533.
.Founded on Collectanea evidence.
.Monarch possesses imperial jurisdiction not subject to foreign power.
.Can’t appeal to Rome on Matrimonial Church appeals.
What was the Act of Succession?
.April 1534.
.Marriage void.
.Succession to Anne’s children.
.Treason to deny new marriage.
.Oath to accept new marriage.
What was the Act of Supremacy?
.November 1534.
.Legislative force to Royal Supremacy.
.King the Supreme Head of Church of England.
.Broke from Rome.
What was the Treason Act?
.November 1534.
.Tightened - spoken word, writing, deed.
.Heretic, tyranic, usurper, schismatic, infidel.
What was the Act Annexing First Fruits and Tenths to the Crown?
.November 1534.
.Annates acceptable to be paid to King.
.Clergy’s financial burden increased.
.Royal supremacy increased.
How significant were the Acts?
.Restraint of Appeals - Catherine can’t appeal.
.Succession - Mary can’t be Queen.
.Supremacy - Broke from Rome - controlled Church.
.Treason - Stopped key opponents/rebellion.
.Restraint of Annates - Limits Church’s power.
.Suppression - Remove religious forces, only small ones?
.First Fruits - Church’s power limited.
What changes did he make overall?
.Solved Great Matter.
.Statute Law supreme.
.Modernised government.
.Audited Church land income.
.Privy Council from 50 to 20.
.More North and Wales control
.Negotiated next marriages.
What changes were there in government?
.1540 Act - no Church sanctuary.
.1536 - Court of Augmentations - dissolved monastery income.
.Crown income £150000-300,000.
.Revolution in government thesis - Elton - less household centred, near King, beaurocratic, independence.
.Administration - both styles.
.1536 - 20/70 Privy Councillors conduct daily business - more important.
What changes were there in the North and Wales?
.1536 - Act of Union - Wales in legalities and administration.
.1543 Act - Wales - 3 shires, JPs, sent parliament 24 MPs, English common law, English docs used by officials.
.1536 - North council authority increase - Pilgrimage of Grace.
.Council - control Law and order and JPs above River Trent.
.King’s authority increased.
How did Wolsey fall?
.1540 - influence decline.
.Couldn’t manage marital affairs.
.1537 - Jane Seymour died.
.1540 - Reconcile with League of Schmalkalden through Anne of Cleves.
.Anne unsuited, unwelcome politically and annulled quickly.
.Norfolk’s niece single and in court - Catherine Howard.
.Cromwell council meeting - treason and heresy.
.1540 - Executed and Catherine married.
.3 protestant theologans burned for heresy 2 days after.
.3 Catholic Priests executed same day - treason.
