How cells work together I Flashcards
What are tissues?
Cells are organized in tissues, which are groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function.
What are organs?
Different types of tissues that are organized into functional units.
What is an organ system?
Groups of organs that work together and provides additional organization and coordination, make up the organ system.
What is epithelial tissue?
It covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.
What is an apical surface?
The inside of epithelial tissue, faces the lumen/cavity.
What is a basal surface?
The outside of epithelial tissue. It is attached to the basal lamina, which is a dense mat of extracellular matrix that separates the epithelium from the underlying tissue.
What is muscle tissue?
Vertebrates have 3 types that consists of skeletal, cardiac and smooth.
What is skeletal muscle?
Attached to bones by tendons, skeletal muscle, or striated muscle like cardiac, is responsible for voluntary movements.
What is cardiac muscle?
Striated like skeletal, it forms the contractile wall of the heart.
What is smooth muscle?
Not striated like skeletal and cardiac, has spindle-shaped cells and in found in many internal organs. It is responsible for involuntary movements, like churning stomach and constriction of arteries.
What is nervous tissue?
Functions in the receipt, processing and transmission of information.
What are neurons?
The basic units of the nervous system that receives nerve impulses from other neurons via an extensions called dendrites, which is passed on through the neurons extensions called axis, to other neurons, muscles and other cells.
What are glial cells?
Sometimes referred to as glia, they help nourish, insulate and replenish neurons and can sometimes modulate neuron function.
What is connective tissue?
It consists of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, often forming a web of fibres embedded in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation.
What are fibroblasts?
Within the matrix of the connective tissue cell, are fibroblasts, which secrete collagen and other matrix proteins.
What are macrophages?
Within the matrix of the connective tissue cell, are microphages, which engulf foreign particles and cell debris.
What is nutrition?
Food being taken in, taken apart and taken up.
What are herbivores?
Animals that eat mainly plants or algae.
What are carnivores?
Animals that mostly eat other animals.
What are omnivores?
Animals that eat both plants, algae and other animals.
What are essential nutrients?
Substances that animals requires but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules.
What are essential amino acids?
Acids that must be obtained from food, because the animal cannot assemble it from simple organic molecules.
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that animals cannot synthesize, but plants can. They contain one or more double bonds.
What are vitamins?
Organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts (0.01-100mg per day, depending on the vitamin).
What are minerals?
Dietary minerals are inorganic nutrients, such as iron or sulphur; that are usually required in small amounts, from less than 1mg to about 2.500mg per day.
What is indigestion? What are the 4 modes of feeding?
The 1st step in food processing. The act of eating or feeding. There are 4 ways of feeding. 1st is suspension feeders, who filter, capture or trap food particles from the surrounding medium. The 2nd is substrate feeders that live in or on their food source. 3rd are fluid feeders, which suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host (like mosquitoes do, or hummingbirds). 4th are bulk feeders, like snakes, which eat relatively large pieces of food. Humans are bulk eaters as well.
What is digestion?
The 2nd step in food processing. Food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Typically both mechanical and chemical processes are required.
