From carbon compounds to macromolecules I Flashcards
What is an organic compound?
A compound containing carbon. CO2, carbon dioxide is generally not considered an organic compound.
What are macromolecules? Give 4 examples.
On the molecular scale, members of three of these classes, carbohydrates (kulhydrater), proteins (proteiner) and nucleic acids (nukleinsyrer), are huge and are therefore called macromolecules. Lipids (lipider), are part of the four large groups, but is not included as a macromolecule. Danner ikke ægte polymerer.
What is an atoms valence?
(Valens) The number of covalent bonds an atom can form, the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to the atom’s valence. Carbon has 4.
What are hydrocarbons?
(Kulbrinter) Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
What are isomers?
(Isomerer) Variation in the architecture of organic molecules can be seen isomers, compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements, but different structures and hence different properties.
What are structural isomers?
(Strukturelle isomerer) They differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. Or in their arrangement of double and triple bonds.
What are cis-trans isomers?
(Cis-trans isomerer) Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds. Single bonds let the atoms rotate, but with double bonds they’re locked in place. That makes cis-trans isomers possible.
What are enantiomeres? What defines them?
(Enantiomerer, spejlbillede isomer) (Chirater, asymmetriske molekyler) They are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetrical carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
What are the 6 functional groups?
(funktionelle grupper, de kan erstatte kemiske grupper i kulbrinter) Chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions; these important chemical groups are known as functional groups. They are hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups, see figure 3.6.
What are polymers?
(polymere) A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks, linked by covalent bonds.
What are monomers?
(monomere) The repeating unit that you use to make polymers out of, although some monomers have their own functions.
What is the full name for ATP? What is it and why is it important?
A complicated organic phosphate that is worth mentioning because its function in the cell is so important. Where 3 phosphates in a series connected to adenosine, which is one adenosine triphosphate, 1 phosphate may be split off in a reaction with water. You say that ATP stores energy, but in reality it stores the ability to react with water, which creates the energy it is said to store. The leftover ion, HOPO32-, is called adenosine diphosphate, ADP.
What are enzymes?
Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.
What is a dehydration reaction? Give an example.
(dehydreringsreaktion/kondensation) Monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule.
What is hydrolysis?
(hydrolyse) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is the reverse of a dehydration reaction. You add a water molecule to split up the polymer into two, or add more to completely reduce it to monomers.
What are carbohydrates?
It includes both sugars and polymers of sugars. They are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Mono being simple sugars, di being double sugars and poly being macromolecules, polymers made from dehydration reactions.
What are monosaccharides?
(Monosakkerider) It’s a carbohydrate (sugar). Made from multiplications of CH2O. When they get in water, they form ring structures.
What are disaccharides?
(Disakkarid) A dissaccharide is made from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, the link formed between two monosaccharides in a dehydration reaction.
What is glycosidic linkage?
A link formed between two monosaccharides in a dehydration reaction. Glyco refers to carbohydrates (sugars).
What are polysaccharides?
(polysakkarider, polymerer af sukker) Made from monosaccharides. They are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. They serve as storage material, hydrolysed as needed to provide sugar for cells. Others are building material for structures that protect the cell or whole organism. The structure and function is determined by the monosaccharides and the glycosidic linkages.
What is starch? What is it used for?
(Stivelse, alfabindinger) Plants store starch, a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cells. Synthesizing starch enables the plant to stockpile surplus glucose. Since glucose is a major cellular fuel, starch represents stored energy. It is withdrawn through hydrolysis. Starch has alfa glucose configuration.
What is glycogen?
(Glykogen) Animals store a polysaccharide called glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin, but more extensively branched. (Amylopectin is a more complex starch, branched polymer with 1-6 linkages at the branch point.
What is cellulose?
(cellulose, beta-bindinger) The polysaccharide called cellulose is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. It is a polymer of glucose, like starch, but it has a beta glucose configuration.
What is chitin?
It is a polysaccharide, the carbohydrate used by arthropods, (insects, spiders, crustaceans and related animals).
