How Cells Adapt (protein Synthesis)

Question 0

What are the four bases?

Answer 0

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Question 1

What are proteins?

Answer 1

Essential for cell function.. Different types of proteins have different jobs.. Contractile proteins, enzymes, transportation(kinesia)

Question 2

Where does protein synthesis happen?

Answer 2

In the cytoplasm

Question 3

Describe the process of transcription

Answer 3

Helicases separate the dna strand and the leading strand begins to replicate to a mRNA copy, RNA polymerase pushes it a long.. The lagging strand produces Okazaki fragments which are then filled in with the RNA polymerase.. The mRNA copy is then taken outside the cell for translation

Question 4

Describe the process of translation

Answer 4

Ribosomal RNA locks in with a messenger RNA and begins reading it’s codons pulling in transfer RNA which are attached to amino acids, once the codon matches with the anticodon the amino acid connects to the chain of other amino acids.. Once the ribosomal RNA had completed the sequence on the mRNA strand to make a polypeptide the protein has been formed

Question 5

What do transcription factors do?

Answer 5

Increase transcription

Question 6

What do RNAses do?

Answer 6

They are enzymes that digest mRNA to stop it from forming proteins

Question 7

What’s the relationship between transcription and mRNA stability?

Answer 7

Increased transcription = increased mRNA stability

Question 8

Is protein concentration always determined by mRNA concentration?

Answer 8

No..

Question 9

What is endocytosis?

Answer 9

Bringing in things into the cell

Question 10

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 10

Moving things out of the cell or to the cells surface

Question 11

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 11

Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low..

Question 12

Name the 6 factors that influence diffusion rate?

Answer 12

Concentration, temperature, mass/size of molecule, surface area, medium (gasvs. Liquid), distance

Question 13

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 13

Diffusion with the assistance of a protein or molecule.

Question 14

What is important to remember about a pore?

Answer 14

It is always open

Question 15

What’s the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic?

Answer 15

Hypertonic -lots if solute (cell shrinks)

Isotonic -equal solute to solution (no change in cell volume)

Hypotonic -less solute (cell swells)

Question 16

What is so special about a channel?

Answer 16

It can open and close!

Question 17

What are the two major types of channels?

Answer 17

Ligand gated channels and voltage gated channels

Question 18

What is a transporter and what are the two types?

Answer 18

It is a facilitated difusion mechanism that is never fully open.. There are two types one is called a co transporter and one is called a counter transporter

Question 19

Co transporter vs. counter transporter

Answer 19

Co transporter moves molecules in the same direction with a conformational change

Counter transporter moves molecules in opposite directions

Question 20

What is active transport?

Answer 20

Transport that requires the use of energy..

Question 21

Name and describe the two examples listed in your notes of active transport

Answer 21

Serca= is the energy of relaxation it brings the calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sodium potassium pump= moves 3 sodium out of the cell and 2 potassium in to the cell..

Question 22

What is the concentrations of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell

Answer 22

Inside= sodium 15, potassium 150
Outside = sodium 145, potassium 4

Question 23

What are the key points of secondary active transport?

Answer 23

Does not use ATP directly, maybe the concentration gradient or the electrical gradient