How Cells Adapt (protein Synthesis) Flashcards
What are the four bases?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
What are proteins?
Essential for cell function.. Different types of proteins have different jobs.. Contractile proteins, enzymes, transportation(kinesia)
Where does protein synthesis happen?
In the cytoplasm
Describe the process of transcription
Helicases separate the dna strand and the leading strand begins to replicate to a mRNA copy, RNA polymerase pushes it a long.. The lagging strand produces Okazaki fragments which are then filled in with the RNA polymerase.. The mRNA copy is then taken outside the cell for translation
Describe the process of translation
Ribosomal RNA locks in with a messenger RNA and begins reading it’s codons pulling in transfer RNA which are attached to amino acids, once the codon matches with the anticodon the amino acid connects to the chain of other amino acids.. Once the ribosomal RNA had completed the sequence on the mRNA strand to make a polypeptide the protein has been formed
What do transcription factors do?
Increase transcription
What do RNAses do?
They are enzymes that digest mRNA to stop it from forming proteins
What’s the relationship between transcription and mRNA stability?
Increased transcription = increased mRNA stability
Is protein concentration always determined by mRNA concentration?
No..
What is endocytosis?
Bringing in things into the cell
What is Exocytosis?
Moving things out of the cell or to the cells surface
What is simple diffusion?
Movement of particles from areas of high concentration to low..
Name the 6 factors that influence diffusion rate?
Concentration, temperature, mass/size of molecule, surface area, medium (gasvs. Liquid), distance
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion with the assistance of a protein or molecule.
What is important to remember about a pore?
It is always open
What’s the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic?
Hypertonic -lots if solute (cell shrinks)
Isotonic -equal solute to solution (no change in cell volume)
Hypotonic -less solute (cell swells)
What is so special about a channel?
It can open and close!
What are the two major types of channels?
Ligand gated channels and voltage gated channels
What is a transporter and what are the two types?
It is a facilitated difusion mechanism that is never fully open.. There are two types one is called a co transporter and one is called a counter transporter
Co transporter vs. counter transporter
Co transporter moves molecules in the same direction with a conformational change
Counter transporter moves molecules in opposite directions
What is active transport?
Transport that requires the use of energy..
Name and describe the two examples listed in your notes of active transport
Serca= is the energy of relaxation it brings the calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sodium potassium pump= moves 3 sodium out of the cell and 2 potassium in to the cell..
What is the concentrations of sodium and potassium inside and outside the cell
Inside= sodium 15, potassium 150 Outside = sodium 145, potassium 4
What are the key points of secondary active transport?
Does not use ATP directly, maybe the concentration gradient or the electrical gradient
