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Cells to Systems > Host defences against injury > Flashcards

Host defences against injury Flashcards

1
Q

What lineage do T cell, B cells and NK cells derive from?

A

Lymphoid

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2
Q

What lineage do granulocytes derive from?

A

Myeloid

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3
Q

List some granulocytes associated with the immune response

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Mast
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4
Q

How do innate cells recognise a pathogen?

A

Dendritic cells recognise and bind to PAMP’s on bacteria with PRR’s

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5
Q

How do cells present antigens to immune cells?

A

Dendrites present parts of antigens on their cell surface through MHC

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6
Q

What are the three mechanisms that neutrophils use to kill?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Degranulation
  3. NET’s
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7
Q

What are two examples of PRR’s

A
  1. Scavenger receptors

2. Toll-like receptors

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8
Q

What are some components of eosinophil granules?

A
  1. Peroxidases
  2. Lysosomal hydrolases
  3. Lysophospholipase
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9
Q

What are some components of neutrophil granules?

A
  1. Peroxides
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Lactoferrin phospholipase
  4. Cytokines (e.g. IL-3)
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10
Q

How do neutrophil NET’s kill?

A

NET’s are extracellular DNA traps which immobilise pathogens

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11
Q

What are the cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

B-cells and T-cells

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12
Q

What are the cells of the innate immune response?

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Neutrophils
  5. Macrophages
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13
Q

What are the cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Dendritic cells and NK cells

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14
Q

What type of T-cells are directly kill pathogens?

A

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8). They also induce apoptosis in infected and damaged cells

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15
Q

What type of T-cells interact with B-cells to differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies?

A

Helper T-cells (CD4)

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16
Q

What are the components of mast cell granules?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. acid hydrolases
  3. Prostoglandin D2
  4. Leukotrines
  5. Platelet-activating factor
  6. Cytokines (e.g. IL-3)
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17
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Increases vascular permeability

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18
Q

What does prostaglandin D2 do?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Bronchoconstriction
  3. Neutrophil chemotaxis
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19
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Pain
  3. Swelling
  4. Heat
  5. Loss of function
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20
Q

What are the inflammatory mediators for acute inflammation called?

A

Autocoids

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21
Q

What are three characteristics of autocoids?

A
  1. Low molecular weight
  2. Act locally
  3. Rapidly broken down
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22
Q

What are some mediators of vasodilation?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. PG’s
  3. NO
  4. Bradykinin
  5. Substance P
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23
Q

What are some mediators of pain?

A
  1. PG’s

2. Bradykinin

24
Q

What are three different eicosanoids?

A
  1. Prostoglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukatrines
25
Q

What substances cause increased vascular permeability?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Bradykinin
  3. Leukatrines

They act by stimulating endothelial cell contraction

26
Q

What are the characteristics of transudate fluid?

A

Low protein, few-cells (non-infectious)

27
Q

What are the characteristics of exudate fluid?

A

High protein, many cells (potentially infectious)

28
Q

What are the characteristics of modified transudate fluid?

A

In-between transudate and exudate (moderate protein)

29
Q

What are the three steps to leukocyte emigration

A
  1. Expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, stimulated by cytokines
  2. Neutrophils adhere to endothelium by binding
  3. Neutrophils move through blood vessel walls into damaged tissue down chemokine gradient
30
Q

What are some mediators of pruritus?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. PG’s
  3. Serotonin
31
Q

What are the characteristics of serous inflammation?

A

Low MW solutes and water (most mild form of inflammation)

32
Q

What are the characteristics of catarrhal inflammation?

A

Exudate formed on mucosal surface so serous fluid is mixed with mucous

33
Q

What are some characteristics of suppurative inflammation?

A

Purulent inflammation (pus)

34
Q

What is meant by the term phlegmon?

A

Spreading diffuse suppurative inflammation within loose connective tissue

35
Q

What is meant by the term empyema?

A

Accumulation of pus within a body cavity

36
Q

Generally speaking, over what time period is it considered chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation persisting over 7 days

37
Q

What are three broad characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Changes in inflammatory cell population
  2. Inflammatory tissue damage
  3. Tissue healing
38
Q

What is the predominant cell type in granulomatous inflammation

A

Macrophages

39
Q

What is another word for lymphocytic inflammation?

A

non-suppurative inflammation

40
Q

What is that most common distribution in lymphocytic inflammation?

A

Perivascular, this is because it consists of predominantly T-cells and B-cells

41
Q

What are clusters of macrophages called?

A

Granulomas

42
Q

What type of inflammation commonly forms discrete or coalescing nodules?

A

Granulomatous inflammation

43
Q

What are characteristics of pyogranulomas?

A

Central foci of neutrophils surrounded by macrophages

44
Q

What are characteristics of caseating granulomas?

A

Central foci of necrosis surrounded by macrophages

45
Q

What type of inflammation grossly appears green?

A

Eosinophillic inflammation

46
Q

What are the factors which result in tissue destruction due to chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Damage by the original insult
  2. Release of inflammatory mediators
  3. Cellular phagocytosis or apoptosis
  4. Tissue death due to circulatory compromise (thrombosis)
47
Q

What are the two major processes in tissue healing?

A
  1. Regeneration

2. Repair

48
Q

What is meant by tissue regeneration?

A

Replacement of the damage tissue with the original cell type, restoring structure and function

49
Q

What is meant by tissue repair?

A

Replacement of the damaged tissue by fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue), restoring structure but not function

50
Q

What types of cells can undergo regeneration?

A

Liable cells and stable cells

51
Q

What are the steps involved in tissue repair?

A
  1. Clearance of damaged tissue debris by inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages)
  2. Proliferative phase, involving the formation of granulation tissue through angiogenesis and fibroplasia (type 3 collagen)
  3. Maturation phase, involving the reorganisation and contraction of collagen (type 1). Regression of vasculature
52
Q

What are some factors influencing healing?

A
  1. Presence of infection
  2. Presence of foreign material
  3. Nutritional state
  4. Degree of movement and pressure
  5. Vascular and oxygen supply
  6. Hormones
  7. Concurrent disease
  8. Age
53
Q

What is proud flesh?

A

Formation of excessive granulation tissue

54
Q

Will the removal of proud flesh be painful?

A

No, given that proud flesh is excessive granulation tissue it only consists of connective tissue and blood vessels. No nerves!

55
Q

What are some consequences of scar tissue formation?

A
  1. Strictures (narrowing of a hollow organ)
  2. Adhesions (attachments between adjacent organs)
  3. Restricted movement

Cells to Systems (10 decks)

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