Cell communication (chemical)

Question 1

What type of junction facilitates direct chemical and electrical communication between adjacent cells?

Answer 1

GAP junctions

Question 2

Briefly describe paracrine signalling

Answer 2

Secreted signalling molecule acts on neighbouring cells of different types

Question 3

Briefly describe autocrine signalling

Answer 3

Secreted signalling molecule acts on itself and cells of the same type

Question 4

Briefly describe endocrine signalling

Answer 4

Secreted signalling molecule acts on distant cells or tissues

Question 5

List the four types of hormones

Answer 5

1. Peptides and proteins
2. Steroids
3. Amines (tyrosine derivatives)
4. Eicosanoids (arachidonic acid derivatives)

Question 6

List some of the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

Answer 6

1. Oxytocin

2. ADH

Question 7

List some of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

Answer 7

1. TSH
2. Growth hormone
3. ACTH
4. Prolactin
5. Endorphines

Question 8

List some of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Answer 8

T3 and T4

Question 9

List some of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland

Answer 9

1. Cortisol

2. Adrenaline

Question 10

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Answer 10

Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

Question 11

Are peptide hormones water soluble?

Answer 11

Yes, they are hydrophilic

Question 12

How are peptide hormones stored and secreted?

Answer 12

Stored in secretory granules and secreted through exocytosis

Question 13

Are amines water soluble?

Answer 13

Yes, except for thyroid hormones

Question 14

How are amines stored and secreted?

Answer 14

Stored in chromatin granules and secreted through exocytosis

Question 15

How are amines transported?

Answer 15

As a free hormone and bound to plasma proteins

Question 16

List three different catecholamines

Answer 16

1. Dopamine
2. Adrenaline
3. Noradrenaline

Question 17

Where is adrenaline produced?

Answer 17

Adrenal medulla, following sympathetic stimulation

Question 18

Are thyroid hormones water soluble?

Answer 18

No, they are lipid soluble

Question 19

How are thyroid hormones transported?

Answer 19

Bound to plasma proteins

Question 20

How to thyroid hormones exhibit their effect?

Answer 20

Direct effect on genes