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Cells to Systems > Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells migrate?

A

Down concentration gradient of growth factors and cytokines

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2
Q

What are the three broad periods of gestation?

A
  1. Ovum
  2. Embryo
  3. Foetus
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3
Q

What are the key evens of the ovum period?

fertilisation to the end of the 1st week of gestation

A
  1. Transport of zygote from oviduct to uterus
  2. Multiple mitotic cell division
  3. Transformation from zygote to morula to blastocyst
  4. Hatching of blastocyst out of zona pellucida
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4
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A thick membrane surrounding the blastocyst

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5
Q

What is the cluster of cells at the top of the blastocyst referred to?

A

Inner cell mass (ICM)

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6
Q

What are the key events which occur during the 2nd week (embryo stage)?

A
  1. Blastocyst elongation
  2. Appearance of germ layers
  3. Implantation
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7
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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8
Q

What is the formation of the germ layers called?

A

Gastrulation

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9
Q

What are the key events which occur during the 3rd week (embryo stage)?

A
  1. Ebryonic body established (tail, head and limb buds)

2. Extra-embryonic membranes formed through folding (amnion, chorion, yolk sac and allantois)

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10
Q

At what stage of development do organs become functional?

A

Foetal

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11
Q

What does CRL stand for?

A

Crown to Rump Length (spine length)

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12
Q

What can be used to age embryos?

A

Somite number

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13
Q

What does cleavage refer to?

A

Mitotic division inside the zona pellucida

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14
Q

What are the four extra embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Yolk sac
  3. Chorion
  4. Allantois
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15
Q

What are the cells produced by cleavage called?

A

Smaller cells called blastomeres.

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16
Q

What governs the pattern of cleavage?

A

Size of yolk. Avians have large yolk and partial cleavage (meroblastic). Mammals have minimal yolk and total cleavage (holoblastic)

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17
Q

What is the solid cluster of cells caused by cleavage called?

A

Morula

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18
Q

What are the two changes which differentiate a morula from a blastocyst?

A
  1. Blastomeres loose shape, becoming tightly apposed (compaction)
  2. Blastomeres start secreting into the centre of the morula (blastocoel)
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19
Q

What is the layer of cells surrounding the blastocoel called?

A

Tropoblast layer

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20
Q

Where does the embryo start developing from?

A

ICM aka. embryonic disc

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21
Q

What are the forces resulting in hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida?

(except for in rodents and horses)

A
  1. Accumulation of fluid
  2. Enzymes secreted by the trophoblast layer
  3. Blastocyst contration
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22
Q

What type of junctions are between cells in the ICM?

A

GAP junction for cellular communication

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23
Q

What type of junctions are between cells in the trophoblast?

A

Tight junctions for controlled diffusion

24
Q

What does delamination refer to?

A

Movement of a cell layer away from the ICM

25
Q

How is the hypoblast formed?

A

Delamination of cells from the ICM, forming a layer of cells inside the trophoblast

26
Q

After delamination of the hypoblast, what is the remaining ICM called?

A

Epiblast

27
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity formed?

A

In-between the trophoblast and epiblast layers

28
Q

How is the endoderm layer formed?

A

First migrating cells of epiblast layer down the primitive streak, which then move laterally

29
Q

How is the mesoderm layer formed?

A

Second migrating cells of epiblast layer down the primitive streak

30
Q

How is the ectoderm layer formed?

A

The remaining cells left on the top of the epiblast layer

31
Q

What defines the major body axis during embryogenesis?

A

Formation of the primitive streak

32
Q

What tissues arise from the ectoderm?

A
  1. Epithelium of skin
  2. Nervous tissue
  3. Brain and spinal cord
  4. PNS
33
Q

What tissues arise from the mesoderm?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Muscle
  3. Epithelial lining of some organs (cardiovascular, reproductive and urinary systems)
34
Q

What tissues arise from the endoderm?

A
  1. Gastro intestinal tract
  2. Epithelial linings of respiratory tract, bladder, middle ear and auditory tube
  3. Parenchymal cells of the liver, pancreas, thyroid and parathyroid
35
Q

What is a notochord?

A

Rod shaped aggregate of cells located cranial to the primitive streak, marks future location of the spinal cord

36
Q

What does the formation of the notochord induce?

A

Formation of head, nervous system development and somite formation

37
Q

What extra-embryonic membrane is derived from the trophoblast and the mesoderm?

A

Chorion and amnion

38
Q

What is the function of the chorion?

A

Mediates attachment to the uterus

39
Q

What extra-embryonic membrane is derived from the endoderm?

A

Yolk sac

40
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A

Fluid filled sac that protects the embryo

41
Q

What extra-embryonic membrane is derived form the primitive gut?

A

Allantois

42
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

Fluid filled sac that collects waste from the embryo, eventually fuses with chorion to form allantochorionic membrane

43
Q

What is neurolation?

A

The initial development of the gut, heart and formation of the nervous system

44
Q

What are the structures arised from neurolation?

A
  1. Neural plate and neural
  2. Somites
  3. Neural tube
  4. Neural crest cells
45
Q

What do neural crests form?

A

Peripheral nervous system

46
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

Central nervous system

47
Q

What does the folding of the endoderm form?

A

Primitive gut tube

48
Q

How are placodes formed?

A

Thickening of ectodermal cells

49
Q

What do the placodes form?

A
  1. Nasal chambers
  2. Lens
  3. inner ear (otic)
50
Q

How are pharyngeal arches formed?

A

Concurrent invagination of surface ectoderm (clefts) and endoderm (pouches)

51
Q

What structures arise from paraxial mesoderm?

A

Somites

52
Q

What structures arise from intermediate mesoderm?

A

Urinary and reproductive organs

53
Q

What structures arise from lateral mesoderm?

A

Body cavities (pleural, pericardial and peritoneal)

54
Q

What structures are derived form the somites?

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Axial skeleton
  3. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
55
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A

Contributes to primitive germ cells

56
Q

Does cleavage of blastomeres increase the size of the morula?

A

There is no net increase in size. This is because they are constricted by the zona pellucida

Cells to Systems (10 decks)

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