Hort 102 Final Flashcards
T/F When an exact duplicate of a plant is desired, asexual propagation must be used.
True
T/F Propagation is when plants duplicate themselves.
False
T/F The adult stage of insects causes the most economic devastation to crops.
False (larva and nymph)
T/F Type of mouthpart is important to identify and control insects
True
T/F An infestious agent is when a plant has the agent active in the plant
F infestious is on the surface
MC Runners
p 81 Stems that form along the ground and form new plants at one or more of their nodes
MC Virus
Is the smallest of the pathogens. Can only be seen with an electron microscope.Reproduces only within a living host
MC Bacteria
Lacks a true nucleous–no membraneLacks chlorophyllObtains nutrients from living and nonliving sources
MC Nematode
Non segmented roundwormsTremendous number of nonparasitic nematodes exist in soil and the environment
MC Fungi
Organisms with thread-like structuresThey enter plants through natural openings or wounds or penetrate directly through intact tissuesDo not produce their own food through photosysnthesis because they contain no chlorophyll
MC Grafting
p 84 The upper part of one plant is joined to the lower part of a compatable species.
MC Layering
p 82 Roots develop on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant.
MC Infestious
When a plant has the active agent on its surface
MC Infectious
When the plant has the active agent within it
Four conditions for disease
Timing, Susceptible plant, Pathogen present, Environment favorable
Three types of metamorphosis and list the life stages of each
None–goes from earlist stage to adult looking the same, except bigger in size
Complete–egg, larva, pupa, adult
Incomplete–egg, nymph, adult
Scarification with example
Breaking the seed coat to allow water uptake by the embryo (acid or scratch)
Stratification with example
Exposure of seeds to low temperature (refrigerate or winter)
Which stage of an insect’s life causes the mose economic damage?
(Non-adult stages) Incomplete–nymph, Complete–larva
Definition of a weed
A plant having no economic value
List three ways that weeds affect plants adversely
Compete for space, nutrients, water, light, heat, energy, and CO2Shades cropsAlternate host for insectsCrowdingContamination of soilProduce chemicals that inhibit germination and growth
What is IPM?
Integrated Pest Management–an efficient and environmentally safe method of pest control that combines chemical and non chemical controls
List the five methods of IPM and give an example
Cultural–crop rotationMechanical–hand-pulling, pruning to remove damaged part of plantBiological–using lady bugs to control aphidsPreventative–quarantines to prevent spread of pestChemical–pesticides
List pesticide signal word and level of toxicity
Danger-poison, HighWarning, ModerateCaution, Low
What is a hybrid?
A plant that results from crossbreeding two different parent plants (from glossary, p 654)
What is hybrid vigor?
When inbred plant species are crossed, the F1 hybrid generation may have qualities superior to those of either parent p 89.
What is genetic drift?
When a plant is bred so many times that it loses the acceptable qualities of the variety/cultivar
Topsoil
Where the roots of green plants flourish, they rely on it for nutrients, support, water, and air. It is richest in organic matter, and shallowest in depth. (p 49)
Complete Fertilizer (multi choice)
Provides N, P, and K (p 60)
- T/F Deciduous plants retain their leaves all year
F Evergreen plants keep their leaves all year (p 29)
T/F Binomial is the systematic classification of plants
F It is a scientific name using genus and species in which they are classified–2 parts to scientific name. Taxonomy is the systematic classification of plants.
Dichotomous analytical key (short answer)
Key is for tracing unknown plants–especially the economically important ornamentals
T/F Deciduous plants retain their leaves all year
F Evergreen plants keep their leaves all year (p 29)
T/F pH < 7.0 is alkaline
F it is acidic (p 56)
Fertilizer Analysis (mult choice)
Percentage by weight of nutrients in a fertilizer–minimum of 3 numbers that indicate the percentage of N-P-K (p 60)
- Topsoil (mult choice)
Where the roots of green plants flourish, they rely on it for nutrients, support, water, and air. It is richest in organic matter, and shallowest in depth. (p 49)
- Herbaceous (mult choice)
Lack bark, succulent
Variety (mult choice)
A classification of a plant that recognizes some characteristic distinguishing it from others of the same species (Ch 1 Vocab Handout)
Cultivar (mult choice)
(Ch 1 Vocab Handout) An intentionally cultivated variety whose continuance is due primarily to propagation by horticulturalists
Shrub (mult choice)
Same as tree except that they seldom get as tall and have multiple stems (p 29)
Hardy Plant (mult choice)
Will survive the winter temperatures of a locale (p 30)
Topsoil (mult choice)
Where the roots of green plants flourish, they rely on it for nutrients, support, water, and air. It is richest in organic matter, and shallowest in depth. (p 49)
Herbaceous (mult choice)
Lack bark, succulent
T/F The ratio of air to water depends on the texture of the soil and how wet it is.
T Wet soil leaves less space for air. As much as 50% of the topsoil may be air and water. (p 49)
Sand
coarse particles, high leaching, air present in greatest quantity, low in nutrients, and least chemically active (p 51)
Silt
Particles smaller than sand, greater surface area, holds more water, less air, low nutrient level, and not very active chemically (p 51)
Clay
Small, plate-like particles, greatest surface area, holds the most water, low air supply especially when wet, adhesive quality when moistened and squeezed, attracts water and ions, active chemically (colloidal quality) (p 51)
T/F Equal concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is a pH of 6.0 (p 56)
F it is neutral or 7.0 pH
Annuals
Plants that complete their life cycle from seed to fruit in one growing season (p 30)
Tender plants
Plants that will not survive temperatures below freezing
Micronutrient (mult choice)
Elements required in VERY SMALL amounts for the plant to grow and develop normally (p 53)
List Micronutrients (short answer)
(p 53) Mn Mo B Cu Zn Ni Cl Fe
List Macronutrients (short answer)
(p 53) C Mg H O P K N S Ca
(short answer) Explain relationshio between rhizobium and legume and provide an example of a legume
(Ch 3 Handout) The rhizobium bacteria live in the legume roots and capture or fix nitrogen gas, making it available to the plant, soybean
T/F sand has small, platelike structures that hold water and air is in short supply
F that is clay
T/F mums set flowers in spring
F fall
T/F clothespins are a solution to create good crotch angles
T
T/F sulfur can raise pH
F, it lowers pH
T/F ethylene influences the ripening of fruit
T
T/F respiration occurs in chloroplasts
F, in mitochondria
T/F Green plants recycle the oxygen on which animal life depends
T
T/F Growth potential of a plant depends solely on genetic heritage
F, also on growing conditions
T/F cool season and warm season crops are based on the temperature most suitable for plant growth
T
T/F the lead branch is the most important branch and is dominant
T
T/F adventitious roots reach out horizontally and vertically through the soil
F, fibrous roots
T/F one way that weeds affect plants is to be an alternate host for pests
T
T/F asexual production is reproduction through the formation of seeds
F, sexual production
T/F peach trees should always have a central leader
F, prune to an open center
T/F prune shade trees and apple trees to a diamond shape
F, triangle
T/F Scissors are preferred over anvil as a type of pruner
T
MC Indoleactic Acid (IAA)
Most common natural auxin, responsible for phototropism, geotropism, and apical dominance
MC vegetative period
Juvenile state of a plant, during which a plant cannot flower, it flowers in maturity
MC crotch angle
Point at which the branch meets the trunk. You want a wide crotch angle
MC Cell
the smallest structural element in a plant
MC zylem
carries water and minerals upward in the plant
MC phloem
carries water and minerals downward in the plant
MC division of flowering plant
tracheophyta
MC photosynthesis
.uses raw material CO2 to produce simple sugar and O2
Matching complete/incomplete flower
one that has/lacks all of the floral organs, sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
Matching perfect/imperfect flower
flower that has/lacks both stamens (male) and pistils (female)
Matching monoecious
when both pistillate and staminate flowers occur on the same plant
Matching dioecious
when 2 imperfect flowers occur on separate plants
(short answer) geotropism
plant response to gravity, roots grow towards gravity and stem/leaves grow away from it
(short answer) photoperiodism
plant response to the light period or number of hours of daylight and darkness–affects storage organs, leaf color, leaf drop, flowering, and stem length
(short answer) Why do trees and shrubs change color in fall?
shorter days and cooler temperatures destroy chlorophyll and let other pigments in the plant show
(short answer) short day vs long day plants
plants flower when the day length is shorter vs longer (poinsettias vs rose of sharon
(short answer) olericulture and pomology
study of vegetables and fruits
(short answer) monocot vs dicot and list example of each
plants that have one vs two seed leaves (cotyledon) grass vs bean
(short answer) photosynthesis vs respiration
. photosynthesis occurs only in the presence of light, converts CO2 and water to sugar, oxygen, and water
respiration occurs all of the time, converts chemical energy from photosynthesis to energy for growth
(short answer) explain the terms heading back and thinning out
HB is shortening the length of a branch by cutting back to a lateral branch or bud
TO is complete removal of a branch back to the point of origin
(short answer) List 4 reasons for pruning
promote plant health
maintain plants
improve plan appearance
protect people and property
(short answer) List 6 common tools used for pruning
hand pruner, lopper pruner, hedge shears, hand pruning saw, pole saw, chain saw, other power pruners
(Diagram) Parts of a Flower
p 9 pistil (stigma, style, ovary), pollen, stamen (anther, filament), sepal, ovule, pollen tube, petal
(Diagram) Prune a fruit tree
Know heading back and thinning out. Prune apple trees to a triangle with lead branch and peach trees to an open center
(Diagram) parts of a leaf
(See diagram 2-3, p 35)blade (tip, margin, and base) petiole, abscission layer, stem, axillary bud, secondary vein, midrib
