Horrible Week 11 Practical - head anatomy Flashcards
What makes up the oral cavity?
- Vestibule )between teeth and cheeks/lips) - oral cavity proper
What bone makes up your hard palate?
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Maxilla and palatine bone form the roof of the oral cavity. What condition occurs when these bones fail to fuse in midline during foetus development?
Cleft palate A communication between oral and nasal cavities remain
What is the hard palate lined with?
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What nerves innervate the mucosa of the hard (anterior and posterior) and soft palate?
Hard palate Anterior; naasopalatine nerves Posterior; greater palatine nerves Soft palate Lesser palatine nerves
An arch is formed laterally from the uvula, what is this arch called and what is its function?
Palatoglossal arch (its a fold) - acts a dam, prevents liquid from spilling laterally from the tongue
Name two actions of the soft palate during swallowing
Moves uvula posteriorly and elevates nasal cavity
What fold is anterior to the palatopharangeal arch? These form a depression (tonsilar fossa), what lies here?
Palatoglossal arch (arches towards the tongue) You find the PALATINE TONSILS
You are looking at you tongue in the mirror. How much of the whole tongue are you seeing and what is the difference between the anterior and posterior tongue?
Im seeing the anterior two thirds of the tongue It is highly mobile Posterior third is much less mobile
Anatomy of the oesophagus. Mention everything
See notes
What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?
Superior - soft and hard palates Lateral - cheeks Anterior - lips Posterior - oropharynx Inferior - myohyoid muscle
Between what vertebral level should a lumbar puncture be carried out in an adult?
Between L4 and L5 as..
adult spine terminates at L1/L2
Note that a neonate spine terminates at L4/L5
What are the functions of the
- spinothalamic tract (ventral and lateral)
- corticospinal tract (ventral and lateral)
- Mention if they are ascending or descending
- Spinothalamic tract (ascending pathway)
- lateral ST tract - pain and temperature
- vental ST tract - crude touch
- Corticospinal tract (descending pathway)
- lateral CS tract - limb motor
- ventral CS tract - axial motor
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what are the neurotransmitters of sensory neurones?
Glutamate
What is a generator potential and how does it lead to an action potential?
Generator potential is the depolarisation that occurs in response to a stimulus. The potential..
- Is stimulus sensitive, Na+ LEAKY channel open in response to stretch or temp.
- This causes Na+ influx, Up until the membrane reaches threshold
- voltage gated Na+ channels open leading to an Action potential
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What are the cranial nerve and where do they pass through in the skull?
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What passes through foramen spinosum?
Foramen spinosum
What two types of innervations supply the muscle of the eyelid. What is this muscle called?
Levator palpebrae is innervvated by
- Occulomotor nerve providing somatic innervation
- autonomic innervation
Why does the eyelid have two innervations and what is the clinical signifance if damage occurs to the innervation?
1) striated muscle supplied by somatic innervation - damage leads to an inability to open one’s eye
Smooth muscle supplied by autonomic innervation - damage leads to drooping of the eyelid called ptosis
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What are the functions of each of the eye muscles?
What are the divison of the opthalmic nerve and what is their function?
1) Frontal - sensory to forhead
2) Nasociliary - sensory to skin of nose
3) Lacrimal - innervates lacrimal gland
The opthalmic artery travels in the centre of the optic nerve, damage to this artery would lead to what?
A 63-year-old patient with a known tumour in the apex of the lung attends your clinic with unilateral drooping of the right eyelid and constriction of the right pupil (Horner’s syndrome). You suspect damage affecting the superior cervical ganglion. The tumour is called Pancoast’s tumour. Explain the symptoms.