Horrible Week 11 Practical - head anatomy

Question 1

What makes up the oral cavity?

Answer 1

• Vestibule )between teeth and cheeks/lips) - oral cavity proper

Question 2

What bone makes up your hard palate?

Answer 2

Jvrdndnv

Question 3

Maxilla and palatine bone form the roof of the oral cavity. What condition occurs when these bones fail to fuse in midline during foetus development?

Answer 3

Cleft palate A communication between oral and nasal cavities remain

Question 4

What is the hard palate lined with?

Answer 4

Ncjlsjncksnfm

Question 5

What nerves innervate the mucosa of the hard (anterior and posterior) and soft palate?

Answer 5

Hard palate Anterior; naasopalatine nerves Posterior; greater palatine nerves Soft palate Lesser palatine nerves

Question 6

An arch is formed laterally from the uvula, what is this arch called and what is its function?

Answer 6

Palatoglossal arch (its a fold) - acts a dam, prevents liquid from spilling laterally from the tongue

Question 7

Name two actions of the soft palate during swallowing

Answer 7

Moves uvula posteriorly and elevates nasal cavity

Question 8

What fold is anterior to the palatopharangeal arch? These form a depression (tonsilar fossa), what lies here?

Answer 8

Palatoglossal arch (arches towards the tongue) You find the PALATINE TONSILS

Question 9

You are looking at you tongue in the mirror. How much of the whole tongue are you seeing and what is the difference between the anterior and posterior tongue?

Answer 9

Im seeing the anterior two thirds of the tongue It is highly mobile Posterior third is much less mobile

Question 10

Anatomy of the oesophagus. Mention everything

Answer 10

See notes

Question 11

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

Answer 11

Superior - soft and hard palates Lateral - cheeks Anterior - lips Posterior - oropharynx Inferior - myohyoid muscle

Question 12

Between what vertebral level should a lumbar puncture be carried out in an adult?

Answer 12

Between L4 and L5 as..

adult spine terminates at L1/L2

Note that a neonate spine terminates at L4/L5

Question 13

What are the functions of the

1. spinothalamic tract (ventral and lateral)
2. corticospinal tract (ventral and lateral)
3. Mention if they are ascending or descending

Answer 13

1. Spinothalamic tract (ascending pathway)
   
   1. lateral ST tract - pain and temperature
   2. vental ST tract - crude touch
2. Corticospinal tract (descending pathway)
   
   1. lateral CS tract - limb motor
   2. ventral CS tract - axial motor

Question 14

what are the neurotransmitters of sensory neurones?

Answer 14

Glutamate

Question 15

What is a generator potential and how does it lead to an action potential?

Answer 15

Generator potential is the depolarisation that occurs in response to a stimulus. The potential..

1. Is stimulus sensitive, Na+ LEAKY channel open in response to stretch or temp.
2. This causes Na+ influx, Up until the membrane reaches threshold
3. voltage gated Na+ channels open leading to an Action potential

Question 16

What are the cranial nerve and where do they pass through in the skull?

Answer 16

Question 17

What passes through foramen spinosum?

Answer 17

Foramen spinosum

Question 18

What two types of innervations supply the muscle of the eyelid. What is this muscle called?

Answer 18

Levator palpebrae is innervvated by

1. Occulomotor nerve providing somatic innervation
2. autonomic innervation

Question 19

Why does the eyelid have two innervations and what is the clinical signifance if damage occurs to the innervation?

Answer 19

1) striated muscle supplied by somatic innervation - damage leads to an inability to open one’s eye

Smooth muscle supplied by autonomic innervation - damage leads to drooping of the eyelid called ptosis

Question 20

What are the functions of each of the eye muscles?

Question 21

What are the divison of the opthalmic nerve and what is their function?

Answer 21

1) Frontal - sensory to forhead
2) Nasociliary - sensory to skin of nose
3) Lacrimal - innervates lacrimal gland

Question 22

The opthalmic artery travels in the centre of the optic nerve, damage to this artery would lead to what?

Question 23

A 63-year-old patient with a known tumour in the apex of the lung attends your clinic with unilateral drooping of the right eyelid and constriction of the right pupil (Horner’s syndrome). You suspect damage affecting the superior cervical ganglion. The tumour is called Pancoast’s tumour. Explain the symptoms.