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Repro > Hormones/Puberty > Flashcards

Hormones/Puberty Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens?

A

Androgens are “male sex hormones” and include testosterone, DHT, androstenedione

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2
Q

List the androgens in increasing potency

A

Androstenedione < Testosterone < DHT

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3
Q

_ is responsible for internal genitalia development in the male fetus

A

Testosterone is responsible for internal genitalia devlopment in the male fetus
1. Epididymus
2. Vas deferens
3. Seminal vesicles

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4
Q

_ is responsible for external genitalia development in the male fetus

A

DHT is responsible for external genitalia development in the male fetus
1. Penis
2. Scrotum
3. Prostate

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5
Q

_ is the androgen responsible for spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone is the androgen responsible for spermatogenesis (germ cell growth)

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6
Q

_ is the hormone mainly responsible for secondary sex characteristics in puberty like facial/body hair and voice deepening

A

Testosterone is the hormone mainly responsible for secondary sex characteristics in puberty like facial/body hair and voice deepening
* Growth spurt, deepening of voice, closing of epiphyseal plates, libido

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7
Q

Increased levels of _ is associated with male patterned baldness/ hair loss

A

Increased levels of DHT is associated with male patterned baldness/ hair loss

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8
Q

Testosterone has _ effect on the bone marrow

A

Testosterone increases RBC production

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9
Q

The testis produce _ which then gets converted to _ by 5a-reductase in the target tissues

A

The testis produce testosterone which then gets converted to DHT by 5a-reductase in the target tissues

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10
Q

The main site of androgens in the female is _

A

The main site of androgens in the female is adrenal gland
* Adrenal gland production of adrogens does not cause masculine effects in male or female prior to puberty

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11
Q

_ stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize testosterone

A

LH stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize testosterone

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12
Q

Testosterone is required for spermatogenesis in the _ cells

A

Testosterone is required for spermatogenesis in the sertoli cells

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13
Q

The anterior pituitary hormone _ also helps stimulate spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function

A

The anterior pituitary hormone FSH also helps stimulate spermatogenesis and sertoli cell function

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14
Q

_ provides negative feedback to inhibit GnRH and LH

A

Testosterone provides negative feedback to inhibit GnRH and LH

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15
Q

Secretion of _ inhibits FSH secretion

A

Secretion of inhibin inhibits FSH secretion
* Sertoli cells secrete inhibin

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16
Q

_ cells make antigen-binding protein to hold onto testosterone locally

A

Sertoli cells make antigen-binding protein to hold onto testosterone locally

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17
Q

Puberty is the period of rapid growth and development of secondary sex characteristics that occurs at age _ for females and _ for males

A

Puberty is the period of rapid growth and development of secondary sex characteristics that occurs at age 10-14 for females and age 12-16 for males

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18
Q

_ is 5-point staging criteria for puberty development

A

Tanner stages is 5-point staging criteria for puberty development

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19
Q

Precocious puberty is _

A

Precocious puberty is early secondary sexual development
* Males < 9 years old
* Females < 8 years old

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20
Q

“Central” precocious puberty is _

A

“Central” precocious puberty is early activation of the HPA axis
* Positive LH response to GnRH stimulation

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21
Q

“Peripheral” precocious puberty is _

A

“Peripheral” precocious puberty is gonad-driven
* HPA is suppressed, no LH response to GnRH stimulation
* High estrogen, low FSH/LH

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22
Q

“Central” precocious puberty is caused by _

A

“Central” precocious puberty is caused by CNS tumor, idiopathic

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23
Q

“Peripheral” precocious puberty is caused by:

A

“Peripheral” precocious puberty is caused by:
* Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
* Estrogen secreting ovarian tumor
* Leydig cell tumor
* McCune-Albright syndrome

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24
Q

Delayed puberty is defined as _

A

Delayed puberty is defined as lack of breast development by age 12 or lack of testicular enlargement by age 14
* The most common cause is constitutional delay of growth and puberty
* Lack of normal sexual development by age 18

25
Q

Primary hypogonadism is _

A

Primary hypogonadism is when gonads do not produce enough sex hormones
* Low estrogen, testosterone
* High LH, FSH

26
Q

Examples of primary hypogonadism include:

A

Examples of primary hypogonadism include:
* Turner syndrome
* Klinefelter syndrome
* Complete adrenal hyperplasia
* Injury
* Toxins
* Radiation

27
Q

Secondary hypogonadism is _

A

Secondary hypogonadism is inadequate LH and FSH due to issues with pituitary gland or hypothalamus
* Low estrogen, testosterone
* Low or normal LH, FSH

28
Q

Causes of secondary hypogonadism include:

A

Causes of secondary hypogonadism include:
* Brain injury/tumors
* Hypothyroidism
* Chronic illness
* Malnutrition
* Extreme exercise

29
Q

Menopause is defined as _

A

Menopause is defined as 1 year without a menstrual period
* Average age is 51
* Perimenopause can last 7-10 years

30
Q

Symptoms of perimenopause

A

Symptoms of perimenopause:
* Hot flashes
* Heavy sweating
* Lower urinary tract symptoms
* Sleep disruption
* Vaginal atrophy/dryness
* Headaches
* Weight gain
* Mood changes

31
Q

How do we treat menopause symptoms?

A
  • Hormone replacement therapy (estrogen AND progesterone)
  • Vaginal estrogen cream
  • Osteoporosis treatment
32
Q

If a menopausal women still has a uterus, you cannot treat sx with unopposed estrogen; why?

A

Unopposed estrogen can cause endometrial cancer
* Remember that progesterone is important in keeping the endometrial lining thin

33
Q

Ovaries and testes are derived from primordial germ cells at the _

A

Ovaries and testes are derived from primordial germ cells at the gonadal ridge

34
Q

SRY on the Y chromosome contains the _ which will result in testes

A

SRY on the Y chromosome contains the testes determining factor (TDF) which will result in testes

35
Q

Sertoli cells within the testis make an important hormone for male sexual differentiation called _

A

Sertoli cells within the testis make an important hormone for male sexual differentiation called anti-mullerian factor

36
Q

Anti-mullerian factor has _ effect in male differentiation

A

Anti-mullerian factor abolishes the mullerian ducts (female structures)

37
Q

The leydig cells make testosterone which is important for the support of _ during sexual differentiation

A

The leydig cells make testosterone which is important for the support of mesonephric ducts during sexual differentiation
* Mesonephric ducts –> internal male structures

38
Q

(4) structures derived from the mesonephric ducts

A

(4) structures derived from the mesonephric ducts: SEEDs
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Epididymis
3. Ejaculatory duct
4. Ductus deferens

39
Q

_ supports internal male structure development while _ supports the external structure development

A

Testosterone supports internal male structure development while DHT supports the external structure development

40
Q

In females _ is responsible for external genitalia development

A

In females estrogen is responsible for external genitalia development

41
Q

In a female, absence of the SRY gene allows _ to persist

A

In a female, absence of the SRY gene allows paramesonephric ducts to persist

42
Q

(3) structures derived from the paramesonephric ducts

A

(3) structures derived from the paramesonephric ducts
1. Oviduct
2. Uterus
3. Upper vagina

43
Q

The glans penis is derived from _ and the ventral shaft is derived from _

A

The glans penis is derived from genital tubercle and the ventral shaft is derived from urogenital fold

44
Q

The prostate gland is derived from the _

A

The prostate gland is derived from the urogenital sinus

45
Q

“Point, squeeze, shoot”

A

Erection- parasympathetic
Emission- sympathetic
Expulsion- somatic

46
Q

NO triggers (increase/decrease) in _ –> smooth muscle relaxation –> vasodilation –> proerectile

A

NO triggers an increase cGMP –> smooth muscle relaxation –> vasodilation –> proerectile

47
Q

Norepinephrine –> ?? –> smooth muscle contraction –> vasoconstriction –> antierectile

A

Norepinephrine –> increase calcium –> smooth muscle contraction –> vasoconstriction –> antierectile

48
Q

The _ nerve is responsible for emission while the _ nerve is responsible for expulsion of semen

A

The hypogastric nerve is responsible for emission while the pudendal nerve is responsible for expulsion of semen

49
Q

Mechanism of action of sildenafil

A

Sildenafil is a PDE-5 inhibitor: decreases cGMP breakdown

50
Q

_ cell maintains the male germ cell pool by producing the primary spermatocytes

A

Spermatogonia (spermatogonium) maintains the male germ cell pool by producing the primary spermatocytes

51
Q

Spermatogonium are found _

A

Spermatogonium are found lining the seminiferous tubules

52
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in _ and takes _ (duration)

A

Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules and takes 2 months (duration)

53
Q

Spermiogenesis is _ (different from spermatogenesis)

A

Spermiogenesis is loss of cytoplasmic contents and gain of the acrosomal cap (takes spermatid –> mature spermatozoa) (different from spermatogenesis)

54
Q

_ cells in the testis secrete inhibin

A

Sertoli cells in the testis secrete inhibin –> inhibit FSH

55
Q

In males, androgens are converted to estrogen by _

A

In males, androgens are converted to estrogen by cytochrome p450 aromatase (in adipose and testis)

56
Q

Androgenic steroid abuse in a male may present as:

A

Androgenic steroid abuse in a male may present as:
* Aggression
* Acne
* Gynecomastia
* High Hb, Hct
* Small testes
* Low sperm count (infertility)

57
Q

The earliest detectable secondary sexual characteristic is _ in girls and _ in boys

A

The earliest detectable secondary sexual characteristic is breast bud development in girls and testicular enlargement in boys (Tanner stage II)

58
Q

_ is the medical term for breast bud development

A

Thelarche is the medical term for breast bud development

59
Q
A

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