Hormones Flashcards
Where is pituitary gland located
Cranial cavity just below the brain
Neurohormones
From: hypothalamus (neurons)
To: pituitary gland
Controls production of pituitary hormones
What are the two parts of pituitary gland
Anterior lobe and posterior lobe
How do neuro hormones reach anterior pituitary
Through a portal vein that connects capillaries of the two
Can Stimulate release or inhibit
Prolactin (PRL)
-what develops due to PRL, what stimulates its production
From Anterior pituitary
To mammary glands
Stimulates breast development and milk production
Breast develops
Stimulating mammary gland stimulates PRL production
Growth hormone (GH)
From APG
To bones, soft tissues
Growth of these tissues, helps control glucose+fuel MLCs metabolism, stimulate protein synthesis, cell division
What is produced when GH binds to muscle
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
What do deficiencies and overproduction of GH during childhood lead to
Pituitary dwarf and giants
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
From APG
To thyroid gland
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and growth of thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
From APG
To adrenal cortex
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
From APG
To ovaries and testes
Stimulates egg growth+development (oogenesis), secretion of progesterone+estrogen (sex hormones)
Stimulates sperm production (spermstogenesis)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
From APG
To ovaries (follicle cells) and testes
Regulates ovulation, stimulates estrogen secretion
Regulates secretion of male sex hormones (testosterone)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
-effects on preggos
From APG
To melanocytes in skin (skin cells that contain black melanin)
Promotes darkening
Greater secretion in pregnant women, darker skin
Endorphins
-where produced and released, why called natural painkillers
Produced in hypoth and APG
Released from intermediate lobe of pituitary
To pain pathways in nervous system
Inhibits pain perception and thus natural painkiller
How do hormones travel from hypoth to posterior pituitary
Along nerve cells connecting the two
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) -when is it released, alcohol and caffeine, nicotine and stress
From PPG
To distal tubule and collecting duct
Increases blood V and P by increasing permeability (h2o reabsorption)
Released when hypoth detects increase in blood [Na+]
Alcohol and caffeine inhibit ADH thus more urine
Nicotine and stress stimulate ADH thus less urine
Oxytocin
-two targets, effects of each
From PPG
To uterus and mammary glands
Promotes uterine contraction
Stimulates milk release
Breast feeding
- how is oxytocin release stimulated
- how does oxytocin stimulate milk production
- type of feedback
Stimulate nipples->sends neuron signals to hypoth
Oxytocin causes smooth muscle cells around mammary glands to contract and expel milk
Positive
Childbirth
- how does oxytocin stimulate
- type of feedback
Stimulates uterus muscle contraction
Positive feedback
What is the purpose of oxytocin secretion in males
Secreted into seminal fluid
When semen enters female, stimulates uterus contraction aiding movement of sperm through reproductive tract
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Throat
Thyroxine (T4)
- type of hormone
- why called T4
- cause of goiter
From thyroid
To most cells
Increase metabolic rate, essential for growth
Lipid soluble, non steroid
Has 4 I atoms
Not enough Iodine, thyroid stimulated by TSH but can’t make T4, swelling, goiter
Triiodothyronine (T3)
-how is it produced
From thyroid
To most cells nucleus
Combine with receptors and alter gene expression
T4 losing an I
Calcitonin
- hormone type
- when is release stimulated and inhibited
From thyroid To bones Decrease [Ca2+] in blood PT hormone Stim when blood Ca above normal range and inhibited when under
