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Endocrine System > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

0
Q

Where is pituitary gland located

A

Cranial cavity just below the brain

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1
Q

Neurohormones

A

From: hypothalamus (neurons)
To: pituitary gland
Controls production of pituitary hormones

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2
Q

What are the two parts of pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

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3
Q

How do neuro hormones reach anterior pituitary

A

Through a portal vein that connects capillaries of the two

Can Stimulate release or inhibit

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4
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

-what develops due to PRL, what stimulates its production

A

From Anterior pituitary
To mammary glands
Stimulates breast development and milk production
Breast develops
Stimulating mammary gland stimulates PRL production

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5
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

From APG
To bones, soft tissues
Growth of these tissues, helps control glucose+fuel MLCs metabolism, stimulate protein synthesis, cell division

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6
Q

What is produced when GH binds to muscle

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

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7
Q

What do deficiencies and overproduction of GH during childhood lead to

A

Pituitary dwarf and giants

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8
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

From APG
To thyroid gland
Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and growth of thyroid gland

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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

From APG
To adrenal cortex
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

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10
Q

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

From APG
To ovaries and testes
Stimulates egg growth+development (oogenesis), secretion of progesterone+estrogen (sex hormones)
Stimulates sperm production (spermstogenesis)

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11
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

From APG
To ovaries (follicle cells) and testes
Regulates ovulation, stimulates estrogen secretion
Regulates secretion of male sex hormones (testosterone)

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12
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

-effects on preggos

A

From APG
To melanocytes in skin (skin cells that contain black melanin)
Promotes darkening
Greater secretion in pregnant women, darker skin

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13
Q

Endorphins

-where produced and released, why called natural painkillers

A

Produced in hypoth and APG
Released from intermediate lobe of pituitary
To pain pathways in nervous system
Inhibits pain perception and thus natural painkiller

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14
Q

How do hormones travel from hypoth to posterior pituitary

A

Along nerve cells connecting the two

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15
Q 
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
-when is it released, alcohol and caffeine, nicotine and stress
A

From PPG
To distal tubule and collecting duct
Increases blood V and P by increasing permeability (h2o reabsorption)
Released when hypoth detects increase in blood [Na+]
Alcohol and caffeine inhibit ADH thus more urine
Nicotine and stress stimulate ADH thus less urine

16
Q

Oxytocin

-two targets, effects of each

A

From PPG
To uterus and mammary glands
Promotes uterine contraction
Stimulates milk release

17
Q

Breast feeding

  • how is oxytocin release stimulated
  • how does oxytocin stimulate milk production
  • type of feedback
A

Stimulate nipples->sends neuron signals to hypoth
Oxytocin causes smooth muscle cells around mammary glands to contract and expel milk
Positive

18
Q

Childbirth

  • how does oxytocin stimulate
  • type of feedback
A

Stimulates uterus muscle contraction

Positive feedback

19
Q

What is the purpose of oxytocin secretion in males

A

Secreted into seminal fluid

When semen enters female, stimulates uterus contraction aiding movement of sperm through reproductive tract

20
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Throat

21
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

  • type of hormone
  • why called T4
  • cause of goiter
A

From thyroid
To most cells
Increase metabolic rate, essential for growth
Lipid soluble, non steroid
Has 4 I atoms
Not enough Iodine, thyroid stimulated by TSH but can’t make T4, swelling, goiter

22
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

-how is it produced

A

From thyroid
To most cells nucleus
Combine with receptors and alter gene expression
T4 losing an I

23
Q

Calcitonin

  • hormone type
  • when is release stimulated and inhibited
A 
From thyroid
To bones
Decrease [Ca2+] in blood
PT hormone
Stim when blood Ca above normal range and inhibited when under
24
Q

Where are the four parathyroid glands located

A

Two on each side of posterior surface of thyroid gland

25
Q 
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
-when is it released
A

From parathyroid
To bones, kidneys, intestines
Raises Ca in blood, stimulates vitamin D activation
Stim’d when blood Ca is low

26
Q

What do under and over production of PTH cause

A

Under: blood Ca falls disturbing nerve and muscle activities, muscle twitches
Over: loss of Ca from bones, fragile bones (osteoporosis), increased Ca deposit in soft tissues resulting in stones

27
Q

How does PTH affect kidneys

A

Stimulates it to activate vitamin D into calcitriol

Increased absorption of Ca2+ and phosphates from food by promoting synthesis of a Ca binding PT

28
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

  • when secreted
  • list effects
  • why used during allergic rxn
A

From adrenal medulla
To receptor sites throughout body
Contributes to body’s stress responses
Secreted when encounter stress (danger, anger, fear…)
Increased heart rate, glycogen breakdown, vasodilation
In allergic rxn, opens airways and raises BP

29
Q

Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)

A

From adrenal cortex
To kidney glands
Controls salt water balance by increasing Na+ reabsorption and increasing K+ excretion in kidneys

30
Q

Cortisol (a glucocorticoid)

A

From adrenal cortex
To most cells, esp. muslce, liver, adipose tissue
Increases glucose level through breakdown of PT and lipids

31
Q

Where is the pineal gland located

A

Near centre of brain

32
Q

Melatonin

  • type of hormone
  • effect of light on malate in secretion
  • when secreted most actively
A 
From pineal gland
To brain, anterior pituitary, repro organs, immune system
Synchronizes bio lock with day length
Neurohormone
Light inhibits secretion
Secreted most actively at night
33
Q

What does melatonin target to coordinate body activity to daily cycle?
What causes jet lag?

A

Targets part of hypothalamus

Melatonin secretion resets travelers daily bio clock to match daylight in the new time zone

34
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH)

A

From hypothalamus
To anterior pituitary
Stimulates production of FSH and LH

35
Q

Testosterone (principal androgen)

-effect at puberty

A 
From testes (male gonads)
To reproductive system
Stimulates development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
Stimulates sperm production, growth+function of male reproductive structures
36
Q

Estrogen (primary estrogen = estrodiol)

-estrodiol puberty

A

From ovaries
To sex organs
Stimulates maturation and development of secondary sexual characteristics
At puberty, maturation of sex organs, breast, body hair growth, pelvis widening

37
Q

Progesterone (main progestin)

-hormone type

A

From ovaries
To uterus
Steroid hormone
Prepares and maintains uterus for implantation of fertilized egg + possibly growth/development of embryo

Endocrine System (5 decks)

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