Adrenal glands

Question 0

Two regions of adrenal glands

Answer 0

Outer gland: adrenal cortex

Inner gland: adrenal medulla

Question 1

Structure and location of adrenal glands

Answer 1

Small triangular orange endocrine glands

At tops of both kidneys

Question 2

What triggers hormone secretion of adrenal cortex

-what triggers what triggers what

Answer 2

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
CRF triggers anterior pituitary lobe to release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
ACTH triggers adrenal cortex to secrete

Question 3

What type of hormone does adrenal cortex secrete

-from what to what, general function

Answer 3

Use cholesterol and secrete steroids

Necessary for fluid and salt balance in body

Question 4

Three types of hormones by adrenal cortex

-examples of each

Answer 4

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Androgens (testosterone and estrogen)

Question 5

Glucocorticoids

-what it do, what happens in liver

Answer 5

Raise blood sugar

Stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver (conversion of fat and PT into intermediate metabolites and eventually into glucose)

Question 6

Cortisol and inflammation

-effect, how are glucocorticoids used in therapy (3 things)

Answer 6

Cortisol has anti-inflammatory effect, depressing immune response
Therapy:
1. Reduce inflammatory destruction of rheumatoid arthritis
2. Prevent rejection of transplants
3. Control asthma

Question 7

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

-what it do, aldosterone regulates what

Answer 7

Effect mineral metabolism
Aldosterone: targets kidney for osmoregulation and BP
Promotes reabsorption of Na+ triggering ADH release
Increased water reabsorption

Question 8

What can aldosterone secretion be stimulated by

-four things

Answer 8

Drop in Na in blood
Rise in K in blood
ACTH
Angiotensin II -> LBP causes kidneys to release renin triggering secretion of angiotensin–> stimulates aldosterone + arteriole constriction to increase BP

Question 9

Which two types of hormones invoke long term responses to stress

Answer 9

Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

Question 10

Androgens (testosterone and estrogen)

-what they do

Answer 10

Precursors to sex hormones

Question 11

Adrenal gland diseases

-two, cause and symptoms

Answer 11

1. Addison’s Disease -> hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone caused by destruction of adrenal glands
   
   • > infection, autoimmune attack, mutation in ACTH receptor
2. Cushing’s Disease -> excess glucocorticoids caused by excess ACTH production or excess production of adrenal hormones due to tumour

Question 12

Adrenal Medulla

-structure and what hormones are released

Answer 12

Masses of neurons that are part of systematic branch of autonomic nervous system
Releases non-steroid hormones that respond to stress
1. Adrenaline (epinephrine)
2. Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Question 13

What do adrenal medulla hormones invoke

Answer 13

Short term responses to stress, preparing body to take immediate action—>fight or flight

Question 14

Some effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Answer 14

1. Increased rate and stench of heart beat, increase BP
2. Vasoconstriction
3. Rise in blood sugar (glycogen breakdown)
4. Increased metabolic rate
5. Bronchi dilate
6. Pupils dilate
7. Hair stands
8. Lower blood clotting time
9. Increased ACTH secretion
10. Blood goes to essential parts