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Pre-Clinical Science > Hormonal Regulation and Mammalian Metabolism > Flashcards

Hormonal Regulation and Mammalian Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do autocrine hormones affect?

A

Same cell that releases them

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2
Q

Where do paracrine hormones affect?

A

Neighbouring target cells

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3
Q

Where do endocrine hormones effect?

A

Released into bloodstream and carried to target cells

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4
Q

Give an example of an endocrine hormone

A

Insulin and glucagon

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5
Q

What are the 3 fuel reserves in mammals?

A

Glycogen in liver, triacylglycerols in adipose tissues, tissue proteins

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6
Q

What is the overall effect of insulin?

A

Lowers blood sugar

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7
Q

How does insulin function to achieve its effects?

A

Causes cells to take up excess glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen and TAGs for storage

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8
Q

What is the overall effect of glucagon?

A

Raise blood sugar

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9
Q

How does glucagon function to achieve its effects?

A

Causes glycolysis of glycogen in tissues and gluconeogenesis in liver

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10
Q

How does adrenaline affect glucose levels in blood?

A

Causes increase glucose production, increased glycolysis in muscle and increased fatty acid mobilisation

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11
Q

Which hormones mediate long-term response to stress/starvation?

A

Glucocorticoids

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12
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A
  • Increase of fatty acids from TAGs
  • Breakdown of non-essential muscle proteins
  • Gluconeogenesis in liver
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13
Q

What is eventually used as fuel during extreme starvation?

A

Ketone bodies

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14
Q

What is used for gluconeogenesis?

A

AA’s from degradation of proteins in liver/muscle PLUS glycerol from breakdown of TAGs in adipose tissue

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15
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes in dogs?

A

Type I

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16
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes in cats?

A

Type II

17
Q

What happens in ketoacidosis?

A
  • Increased lipolysis
  • Increased fatty acid oxidation
  • increased ketone body production
18
Q

What are adipokines?

A
  • Peptide hormones produced by adipose tissue

- Carry info about adequacy of energy reserves to other tissues/the brain

19
Q

What is leptin/what is its function?

A
  • Adipokine

- Acts on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite

20
Q

What is adiponectin?

A
  • Adipokine
  • Sensitises organs to effects of insulin
  • Blocks fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis in the hepatocytes
21
Q

What does ghrelin do?

A
  • Affects short-term eating behaviour

- Powerful appetite stimulant

22
Q

What is PYY3-36?

A
  • Affects short-term eating behaviour

- Short-term appetite suppressant (after meals)

Pre-Clinical Science (12 decks)

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