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Pre-Clinical Science > Clinical Biochemistry > Flashcards

Clinical Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a typical blood biochemistry panel include?

A 
Liver and kidney parameters
Proteins
Electrolytes
Glucose
Lipids
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2
Q

What type of collection tube stops clot formation?

A

Heparin

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3
Q

What type of collection tube is used for a glucose test?

A

Oxf tube

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4
Q

Can EDTA tubes be used for blood sampling?

A

No - contains potassium, chelates calcium

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5
Q

Can citrate tubes be used for blood sampling?

A

No - works as an anticoagulant by binding calcium

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6
Q

What are some inter-individual factors which could affect blood results?

A

Species
Breed
Age
Sex

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7
Q

Does a dog have a higher PCV% than a cat?

A

Yes (esp. males)

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8
Q

How might a growing dog’s blood results differ from an adult dog?

A

Higher Ca/phosphate/ALP, lower protein

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9
Q

What are some intra-individual factors which could affect blood results?

A

Transient factors in the SAME animal

e.g. diet, drugs, reproductive status, method of blood sampling

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10
Q

What conditions can cause lipaemic samples?

A

diabetes, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism

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11
Q

What is an icteric sample?

A

Yellow serum/plasma due to increased bilirubin

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12
Q

What is spectrophotometry?

A

Measurement of colour/turbidity in a solution by determining the amount of light absorbed in the UV/infrared/visible spectrum

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13
Q

Does icterus interfere with haematology?

A

No

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14
Q

What is the best way to prevent lipaemic samples?

A

Take samples from fasted dogs

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15
Q

What is the best way to prevent haemolysed samples?

A

Ensure good collection and sample handling

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16
Q

Which substances are conjugated and excreted by the liver?

A

Bile acids and bilirubin

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17
Q

What is hyperbilirubinaemia known as?

A

Jaundice

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18
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Breakdown product of haemoglobin

19
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for elevated bile acids?

A

Decreased hepatic function
Decreased bile flow
Portosystemic shunt

20
Q

What parameters can test for acute canine pancreatitis?

A

Serum activity of amylase and lipase

21
Q

What is PLI and what does it relate to?

A

Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity; related to pancreatic injury

22
Q

What is TLI and what does it relate do?

A

Trypsinogen-like immunoreactivity; related to pancreatic functional mass

23
Q

What renal parameters are measured?

A

Urea
Creatinine
SDMA

24
Q

What are the possible causes of increased urea/creatinine?

A

Dehydration
Renal disease
Heart disease
Urinary obstruction/rupture

25
Q

What is usually the cause of decreased urea?

A

Liver failure

26
Q

What is usually the cause of decreased creatinine?

A

Muscle wastage in small dogs/cats

27
Q

Is SDMA level affected by muscle mass?

A

No

28
Q

What is azotaemia?

A

Increased serum urea and/or creatinine concentration

29
Q

What is uraemia?

A

Specific clinical syndrome - vomiting, anorexia, ulceration

30
Q

What 2 things make up the total protein count?

A

Albumins + globulins

31
Q

What can cause increased total proteins?

A

Dehydration, inflammation, neoplasia (and falsely with lipaemia)

32
Q

What can cause decreased total proteins?

A

Haemorrhage, GI disease, renal/hepatic disease

33
Q

What causes increased albumin?

A

Dehydration

34
Q

What causes decreased albumin?

A

Inflammation, liver/kidney/GI disease, haemorrhage

35
Q

What can cause high blood glucose?

A

Diabetes mellitus
White coat effect (stress)
Steroid therapy

36
Q

What can cause low blood glucose?

A 
Wrong blood tube 
Insulinoma/insulin overdose 
Some tumours (very metabolically demanding)
37
Q

Which anticoagulant is used for clotting tests?

A

Citrate

38
Q

What are common signs indicating primary/secondary haemostatic disorders?

A

GI bleeding
Epistaxis
Haematuria

39
Q

Will a mildly thrombocytopaenic animal bleed spontaneously?

A

No

40
Q

What is the normal buccal mucosal bleeding time?

A

Normal dog <3.3 mins (<4 if GA)

GA cat <3.3 mins

41
Q

What does BMBT test for?

A

All components of platelet plug formation - not fibrin stabilisation

42
Q

What is normal activated clotting time (ACT)?

A

Dogs <90 seconds

Cats <60 seconds

43
Q

What happens to levels of fibrinogen degradation products and D-dimers when there is clot formation?

A

Both increase

Pre-Clinical Science (12 decks)

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