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biology ocr a > Hormonal communication > Flashcards

Hormonal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system use to send information about changes in the environment around the body?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Group of cells that are specialised to secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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4
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin

Which affects reproductive development and daily cycles.

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5
Q

Thymus

A

produces thymosin

Which promotes production and maturation of white blood cells.

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6
Q

Pancreas

A

produces insulin, and glucagon

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7
Q

What does insulin do?

A

converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver.

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8
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

produces growth hormones,
produces anti-diuretic hormones
produces gonadotrophins

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10
Q

Thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine

which controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in reparation.

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11
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

produce adrenaline

which increases heart rate and breathing.

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12
Q

testis

A

produces testosterone

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13
Q

Ovary

A

produces oestrogen, progesterone

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14
Q

When hormone are diffused out of the blood, the bind to what to stimulate a response ?

A

Target cells

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15
Q

Why is hormonal communication slower and less specific than neuronal?

A

Hormones are not released directly onto the their target cells.

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16
Q

Why is hormonal communication long-lasting and more widespread than neuronal?

A

hormones are not broken down as quickly as neurotransmitters.

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17
Q

What are the approximate size of adrenal glands?

A

3cm in height

5cm in length

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18
Q

What is the Adrenal cortex?

A

Outer region of the gland.

produces cortisol and aldosterone

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19
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

the inner region of the gland.

produces adrenaline.

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20
Q

What glad controls the production of hormones by the adrenal cortex?

A

Pituitary Gland

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens

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22
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Regulates metabolism, by controlling how the body coverts fats, proteins and carbohydrates in to energy.

Regulates blood pressure in response to stress.

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23
Q

What is a type of glucocorticoid hormone?

A

corticosterone.

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24
Q

What does corticosterone do?

A

Works with cortisol to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory responses.

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25
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid produced?

A

aldosterone

26
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

controls blood pressure by maintaining the balance between salt and water concs.

27
Q

What are androgens?

A

small amounts of male and female sex hormones.

28
Q

When are hormones released from the adreanl medulla?

A

when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated

occurs when the body is under stress

29
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

30
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

increases heart rate by sending blood to the muscles quickly

Increases blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into glucose in the liver.

31
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

Works with adrenaline in response to stress.

32
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas in the body?

A

its an endocrine gland

its an exocrine gland

33
Q

What is the exocrine glandular tissue that the panaceas is made from responsible for?

A

producing digestive enzymes, know as pancreatic juices, which are secreted into the pancreatic duct.

34
Q

Amylase

A

breaks down stack into simple sugars.

35
Q

protease

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids

36
Q

lipases

A

breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

37
Q

What do the islet of langerhans do?

A

produce insulin and glucagon, and secreting them into the bloodstream

38
Q

What cells are found in the islets of langerhan?

A

alpha cells

beta cells

39
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon

40
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

insulin

41
Q

3 ways that blood glucose levels can be increased.

A

Diet
Glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

42
Q

How can diet increase your blood glucose levels?

A

When you eat carbohydrates or sugary foods, they are broken down into glucose, this is then absorbed into the blood stream

43
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen that is stored in the liver and muscles can be broken down into glucose

44
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

e.g the liver is able to make glucose from glycerol and amino acids.

45
Q

What are the 2 ways that blood glucose levels can be decreased?

A

Respiration

Glycogenesis

46
Q

What is Glycogenesis?

A

the production of glycogen

47
Q

How can Glycogenesis decrease blood glucose levels?

A

excess glucose is converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver.

48
Q

How does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

5 ways

A

increases the rate of glucose absorption ( mainly in skeletal muscle cells)

increases respiratory rate of cells ( causing a higher uptake of glucose in the blood)

increases the rate of glycogenesis ( turns glucose into glycogen)

Increasing the rate of glucose to fat conversion.

inhibiting the release of glucagon

49
Q

What cells detect the blood glucose returning back to normal?

A

Beta cells

50
Q

When the blood glucose levels falls below a certain level the beta cells reduce their secretion of what ?

A

insulin

51
Q

How does glucagon raise blood glucose levels?

A

glycogenolysis- break down of glycogen into glucose

reduces the amount of glucose absorbed by the liver cells

increases gluconeogenesis - conversion of amino acids and glycerol into glucose

52
Q

How could you describe the maintenance of blood glucose levels in the blood

A

self regulating

53
Q

Describe the mechanism by which insulin is released from the beta cells in the islets of langerhan.

A
  1. at normal blood glucose concentration, potassium channels in the beta cells open. Potassium diffuses out.
  2. When blood glucose conc rises, glucose enters the cell by a glucose transporter.
  3. glucose is metabolised, in the mitochondria= ATP
  4. ATP binds to the potassium channel = channels close
  5. as potassium ions can no longer diffuse, the PD reduces and depolarisation occurs
  6. depolarisation = VG calcium channels to open
  7. calcium ion enter = secretory vesicles to realise insulin by exocytosis
54
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

unable to produce insulin

the beta cells in the islets of Langerhan do not produce insulin

cause unknown

55
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

cannot effectively use insulin and controls there blood sugar levels

Either because beta cells cannot produce enough insulin, or their body cannot respond to it.

This is because the glycoprotein on the insulin receptor doesn’t work

56
Q

What are some common symptoms of diabetes?

A

excessive need to wee

constant hunger

weight loss

tiredness

blurred vision

glucose present in wee

57
Q

What is type 1 diabetes controlled by ?

A

regular insulin injections

58
Q

If someone injects themselves with too much insulin, what could they experience?

A

hypoglycaemia

59
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

very low glucose levels

60
Q

If someone doesn’t inject themselves with enough insulin why can they experience?

A

Hyperglycaemia

61
Q

Ways to treat type 2 diabetes

A

diet
exercise
drugs that stimulate the production of insulin

biology ocr a (8 decks)

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