Classification and Evolution Flashcards
What are the causes of variation?
Genetic Material
differences in the genetic material an organism inherits leading to genetic variation
Environmental
where the organism lives, leading to environmental variation
Explain the 2 types of variation?
INTERspesficic
variation between the members of a different species
INTRAspecific
differences between organisms within a species
What is Comparative biochemistry?
The study of similarities and differneces between the proteins and other molecules
What can comparative biochemistry tell us?
identify evolutionary links
identify common ancestors
What evidence can be provided by fossil records?
That the simplest organisms are found in the oldest rocks, and vertebras are founds in the most recent rocks.
Similarities in anatomy shows how closely related organism are.
provided evidence of relationships between living and dead organisms
What is a limitation with fossil records?
Many organisms are soft bodied so decompose.
Conditions for fossiliation are not often present.
Fossils can be destroyed by earths crust moving.
Protoctista features:
(mainly) unicellular
nucleus and membrane organelles
some have chloroplasts
autotrophic
heterotrophic
parasitic
Fungi features:
unicellular/ multicellular
nucleus and membrane bounds organelles
cell wall (chitin)
no chloroplasts/chlorophyl
saprophytic feeders
store food as glycogen
Animalia features:
Multicellular
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
no chloroplasts
move with cilia
Heterotrophic
store food as glycogen
Plantea features:
multicellular
contain chlorophyll
store food as starch
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What are the 5 kingdoms?
prokaryote
protoctista
fungi
plantea
animalia
continuous variation
controlled by genes
influenced by environmental factors
Examples of continuous variation:
height
weight
Examples of Discontinuous variation
sex
shape of bacteria
human blood groups
How can alleles cause genetic variations?
genes have different alleles produced different effects
individuals in a species population might inherit different alleles of a gene
How can mutations cause genetic variation?
changes in DNA sequence can affect the alleles of a gene, which can change physical and metabolic characteristics
How can meiosis cause genetic variation?
independent assortment and crossing over
How can chance cause genetic variation?
Random fertilisation, individuals produced are different from siblings
Other than fossils, describe other types of evidence that supports the theory of evolution?
s/d in genes (biochemistry)
s/d in bases orders
s/d in haemoglobin
s/d in order of amino acids
What are the advantages of phylogenetic classification?
provides a continuose tree
confirms classification groups are correct
What is phylogeny?
evolutionary relationships between organisms
What is comparative anatomy?
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of speies
What are homologous structures?
Structures that are superficially different in different organisms, but has the same structures.
They provides evidence for divergent evolution
What Is divergent evolution?
Describes how from a common ancestor different species have evolved with different adaptive features.
