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biology ocr a > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

interphase

mitotic

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2
Q

What happens during interphase?

5 things

A 
DNA replicated + checked for errors
Protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria grow + divide
Chloroplasts grow + divide
metabolic processes
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3
Q

There are 3 stages of interphase, what are they called?

A

G1
S
G2

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4
Q

What happens in the G1 stage of interphase?

A

Proteins are synthesised
organelles replicate
cell increases in size

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5
Q

What happens in the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus

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6
Q

What happens in the G2 stage of interphase?

A

cell increases in size

the replicated DNA is checked for errors

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7
Q

What 2 stags are involved in the mitotic phases of the cell cycle?

A

mitosis

cytokinesis

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8
Q

What happens in the G0 stage of the mitotic phase?

A

the cell leaves the cycle permanently/temporarily

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9
Q

What are the reasons for going into the G0 stage?

A

differentiation- cell becomes specialised so can no longer divide
DNA may be damaged
Growing numbers of senescent cells

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10
Q

G1 checkpoint is at the end of the G1 stage before the S phase, what is the purpose of this checkpoint?

A

if the cell satisfies requirements it triggers DNA replication

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11
Q

G2 checkpoint is at the end of the G2 stage before the Mitotic phase, what is the purpose of this checkpoint?

A

checked for DNA without errors, if satisfies the requirements it initiates the being of mitosis

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12
Q

Describe the cells that mitosis create?

A

2 daughter cells produced by a parent cell would be genetically identical, each will have the exact same copy of DNA

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13
Q

What are 2 identical DNA molecules called?

A

chromatids

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14
Q

What is the region called where the 2 chromatids joined together?

A

centromere

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15
Q

What is the order of Mitosis?

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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16
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

chromatic fibre coil and condense, which form
chromosomes

the nucleus disappears

the nuclear membrane breaks down

spindle fibres link the 2 poles of the cell

spindle fibres attach to specific areas on the centromere

nuclear envelope disappears

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17
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

chromosomes are moved by the spindle fibres to form the metaphase plate

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18
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

the centromeres holding the pairs of chromatids divide

The chromatids are separated and pulled to the opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of the spindle fibres.

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19
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

2 new chromosomes assemble and the nuclear envelope reforms

chromosome uncoil and the the nucleolus is formed

cytokinesis begins

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20
Q

During cytokinesis in animals cells a cleavage furrow is formed around the middle, what causes this?

A

the cell surface membrane of the animal cell gets pulled in by the cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Why can’t plant cells form cleavage furrows?

A

because they have cell walls

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22
Q

What are the 2 sex cells called?

A

Gametes

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23
Q

What is a fertilised egg called?

A

zygote

24
Q

Diploid

A

2 chromosomes inherited form each parent

25
Q

haploid

A

daughter cells that contain 1/2 the chromosomes number of the parent

26
Q

How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis ?

A

4

27
Q

What is a Homologous chromosome?

A

matching sets of chromosomes

diploid

28
Q

define Alleles

A

different variations of the same genes

29
Q

What happens in Meiosis 1 prophase 1?

A

chromosomes condense

nuclear envelope disintegrates

nucleolus disappears

spindle fibres formation begins

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form bivalents

30
Q

What happens in meiosis 1 metaphase 1?

A

same as mitosis 1 but the pairs of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

The orientation is random

random assortment, resulting in different combination of alleles

31
Q

What happens in meiosis 1 anaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles, the chromatids stay together

Crossing cover occurs

chiasmata - chromatids break and rejoin = recombinant chromatids

32
Q

What happens in meiosis 1 telophase 1?

A

chromosome assemble at each pole

nuclear membrane reforms

chromosomes un coil

undergoes cytokinesis

Diploid —–> haploid

33
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

And why?

A

biconcave
increased SA:V
more space for haemoglobin
don’t have a nucleus so more space for haemoglobin

34
Q

What are the adaptations of neutrophils?

A

multi lobed nucleus - easier to fit into small gaps

granular cytoplasm - contains lysosomes to attack pathogens

35
Q

What are the adaptations of sperm cells?

A

Flagellum- enable movement
Many mitochondria to supply energy
The acrosome on the head of the sperm contains enzymes

36
Q

What are the Adaptations of palisade cells?

A

contain chloroplasts to absorb light
rectangle shape to form a continuose layer
Thin cell walls - shorter diffusion distances
large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure

37
Q

What are the adaptations of root hair cells?

A

long extensions that increase SA:V —-> maximises the uptake of water+ minerlas

38
Q

What are the adaptations of guard cells?

A

small openings = stomata

sides are asymmetrical to open and close stomata

39
Q

Adaptations of squamous epithelium

A

made of flat cells, only 1 cells thick

present where rapid diffusion is needed

40
Q

Adaptations of ciliated epithelaim

A

have Cilla on the surface on 1 side
beat rhythmically—–> mucus can be swapped away
goblet cells are present

41
Q

Adaptations of cartilage

A

connective tissue
contains elastin
contains collegen
made from chondrocyte cells

42
Q

Adaptations of muscle tissue

A

contain myofibrils

able to shorten and contact

43
Q

Adaptations of epidermis

A

single layer of closely packed cells covered by a cuticle

have stomata

44
Q

Adaptations of xylem tissue

A

vascular tissue transport of water and minerals
elongated hollow dead cells
lignified

45
Q

Adaptations of phloem tissue

A

transport of nutrients
collum of sieve tubes
have bordered pits

46
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

47
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cell potency

A

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

48
Q

define totipotent

A

can differentiate into any type of cell

49
Q

define pluripotent

A

can form all tissue types but not whole organisms

50
Q

define multipotent

A

stem cells that can only form a range of cells within a curating type of tissue

51
Q

Where can you find plant stem cells?

A

meristematic tissue

vascular cambium

52
Q

Where can you find Animal stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells = early stages of embryo developemt
umbilical chords
bone marrow

53
Q

What happens in meiosis 2 prophase 2?

A

chromosomes condense

nucleus envelope breaks doen

spindle fibre formation begins

54
Q

What happens in meiosis 2 metaphase 2?

A

Individual chromosomes assemble on the metaphase plate.

55
Q

What happens in meiosis 2 anaphase 2?

A

chromatids of individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

division of the contromeres

56
Q

What happens in meiosis 2 telophase 2?

A 
Chromatids assemble 
chromosomes uncoil forming chromatin
nuclear envelope becomes visible 
nuclear envelope reforms 
Cytokinesis results in 4 daughter cells genetically different .

biology ocr a (8 decks)

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