Biological Molecules Flashcards
What elements do Carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
What is the term for a single sugar?
monosaccarides
3 Monosaccradies =
Glucose
fructose
ribose
2 disaccharides =
lactose
sucrose
3 Polysaccharides =
glycogen
cellulose
starch
Glucose =
C6H12O6
What are the 2 Types of glucose?
Alpha
beta
In a condensation reaction between 2 alpha glucose molecules what group reacts
The hydroxyl group
In a condensation reaction what is removed
water
Fructose + glucose =
sucrose
Galactose + glucose =
lactose
What bonds join many alpha glucose molecules?
glycosidic bonds
Amylose have what type of glycosidic bonds?
1-4
What shape are the ion chains in amylose
helical (helix)
Amylopectin have what type of glycosidic bonds?
1-6
Amylopectin is ….
Branched
Does glycogen have more or less branches than amylopectin?
more
What does the term reducing sugars mean?
able to donate electrons
what is the test for testing for carbohydrates
Benedict’s reagent
What is the method for testing for carbohydrates?
- place sample in boiling tube
- add equal volume of BR
- heat gently in boiling water for 5 mins
What will reducing sugars react with in the BR
copper ions
What colour is a positive result for the BR test
Brick red
Negative result for BR test is ..
blue
What is the test for starch?
Iodine test
What colour is a positive test for the iodine test
yellow/brown ——> purple/black
What is the advantage of using reagent strips?
The concentration of the sugar can be determined
What elements are lipids made of?
Carbon hydrogen oxygen
Are lipids polar or non polar ?
non polar
what are triglycerides made from
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
What are bonds within triglycerides
ester bonds
What are Fatty acid chains with no double bonds are called?
saturated
What are fatty acid chains with double bonds called?
unsaturated
What is the purpose of Cholesterol within the plasma membrane?
regulate fluidity
adds stability
What are the roles of lipids?
4 roles
- hormone production
- electrical insulation
- creation of hydrophobic barriers
- waterproofing
What is the test for lipids?
emulsion test
Method of the emulsion test
- mix sample with ethanol
postive result = white emulsion forms
What are peptides and polymers made from?
amino acids
What results in a different amino acid?
different r-groups
Primary Structure =
sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure =
hydrogen bonds form within the amino acid pulling it into a coil shape
Tertiary structure =
folding of a protein into its final shape
What bonds are involved in the formation of a proteins tertiary structure?
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulphide bonds
what are the properties of globular proteins?
compact
water soluble
spherical
How are globular proteins formed?
When proteins fold into their tertiary structure, in a way that the hydrophobic r-groups on the amino acids are kept away for the aqueous environment.
What are conjugated proteins?
globular proteins that contain a prosthetic group
Haemoglobin is a quaternary protein made from how many polypeptide chains?
4
2 alpha 2 beta
each contain a prosthetic haem group
What type of protein is keratin?
fibrous
