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biology ocr a > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What elements do Carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

What is the term for a single sugar?

A

monosaccarides

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3
Q

3 Monosaccradies =

A

Glucose
fructose
ribose

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4
Q

2 disaccharides =

A

lactose

sucrose

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5
Q

3 Polysaccharides =

A

glycogen
cellulose
starch

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6
Q

Glucose =

A

C6H12O6

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7
Q

What are the 2 Types of glucose?

A

Alpha

beta

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8
Q

In a condensation reaction between 2 alpha glucose molecules what group reacts

A

The hydroxyl group

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9
Q

In a condensation reaction what is removed

A

water

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10
Q

Fructose + glucose =

A

sucrose

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11
Q

Galactose + glucose =

A

lactose

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12
Q

What bonds join many alpha glucose molecules?

A

glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Amylose have what type of glycosidic bonds?

A

1-4

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14
Q

What shape are the ion chains in amylose

A

helical (helix)

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15
Q

Amylopectin have what type of glycosidic bonds?

A

1-6

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16
Q

Amylopectin is ….

A

Branched

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17
Q

Does glycogen have more or less branches than amylopectin?

A

more

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18
Q

What does the term reducing sugars mean?

A

able to donate electrons

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19
Q

what is the test for testing for carbohydrates

A

Benedict’s reagent

20
Q

What is the method for testing for carbohydrates?

A
  1. place sample in boiling tube
  2. add equal volume of BR
  3. heat gently in boiling water for 5 mins
21
Q

What will reducing sugars react with in the BR

A

copper ions

22
Q

What colour is a positive result for the BR test

A

Brick red

23
Q

Negative result for BR test is ..

A

blue

24
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine test

25
Q

What colour is a positive test for the iodine test

A

yellow/brown ——> purple/black

26
Q

What is the advantage of using reagent strips?

A

The concentration of the sugar can be determined

27
Q

What elements are lipids made of?

A

Carbon hydrogen oxygen

28
Q

Are lipids polar or non polar ?

A

non polar

29
Q

what are triglycerides made from

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

30
Q

What are bonds within triglycerides

A

ester bonds

31
Q

What are Fatty acid chains with no double bonds are called?

A

saturated

32
Q

What are fatty acid chains with double bonds called?

A

unsaturated

33
Q

What is the purpose of Cholesterol within the plasma membrane?

A

regulate fluidity

adds stability

34
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

4 roles

A
  1. hormone production
  2. electrical insulation
  3. creation of hydrophobic barriers
  4. waterproofing
35
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

emulsion test

36
Q

Method of the emulsion test

A
  1. mix sample with ethanol

postive result = white emulsion forms

37
Q

What are peptides and polymers made from?

A

amino acids

38
Q

What results in a different amino acid?

A

different r-groups

39
Q

Primary Structure =

A

sequence of amino acids

40
Q

Secondary structure =

A

hydrogen bonds form within the amino acid pulling it into a coil shape

41
Q

Tertiary structure =

A

folding of a protein into its final shape

42
Q

What bonds are involved in the formation of a proteins tertiary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulphide bonds

43
Q

what are the properties of globular proteins?

A

compact
water soluble
spherical

44
Q

How are globular proteins formed?

A

When proteins fold into their tertiary structure, in a way that the hydrophobic r-groups on the amino acids are kept away for the aqueous environment.

45
Q

What are conjugated proteins?

A

globular proteins that contain a prosthetic group

46
Q

Haemoglobin is a quaternary protein made from how many polypeptide chains?

A

4
2 alpha 2 beta
each contain a prosthetic haem group

47
Q

What type of protein is keratin?

A

fibrous

biology ocr a (8 decks)

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