Hoofdstuk 4

Question 1

Helping behavior

Answer 1

most broad term (incl. helping as part of a profession)

Question 2

Prosocial behavior

Answer 2

intention to help/benefit others (excl. helping as part of a profession); driven by selfish or selfless motivations

Question 3

Altruisme

Answer 3

intention to help/benefit others without benefits for yourself; driven by empathic, selfless motivations

Question 4

Negative-state-relief model (Cialdini)

Answer 4

Cialdini says helping someone is always because of a selfish reason

Person observes a suffering victim -> person feels negative emotions (sadness) -> person helps to alleviate their own sadness

Question 5

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 5

We can help because of altruistic or egoistic reasons:
- The feeling of empathic concern evokes altruistic motivation to help
- The feeling of personal concern evokes egoistic motivation to help

Question 6

Bystander effect

Answer 6

An increasing number of bystanders to an emergency reduces the likelihood that someone will help

Question 7

Process model (LAtané en Darley)

Answer 7

1. Noticing the event
   ↔ stress, fuss
2. Emergency or not?
   ↔ ambiguity (is this real?), pluralistic ignorance
3. Degree of personal responsibility?
   ↔ shared responsibility
4. How can I help?
   ↔ lack of competence
5. Implementing help
   ↔ audience inhibition

Question 8

Explanations bystander effect

Answer 8

► Pluralistic ignorance (cf. Step 2 – is there an emergency?):
Because an emergency is unusual, we don’t know very well what is happening and what to do; people look at each other and become “models of inaction” for each other

► Shared responsibility (cf. Step 3 – degree of personal responsibility?)
If you’re with other people, each individual bystander feels less responsible

► Audience inhibition (cf. Step 5 – implementing help?)
In the presence of other people (”an audience”), we fear negative evaluation of our potential intervention and avoid possible embarrassment, which decreases the likelihood of helping

Question 9

Contextual variables why we don’t help

Answer 9

• bystander effect
• time pressure
• stress
• location
• cultural differences (wealth and simpatia countries)

Question 10

Cost reward model

Answer 10

=> people make a cost-reward calculation when they are (nt) going to help someone
=> when the reward is a lot higher than the cost => people will help

Question 11

Attribution-affect-action theory

Answer 11

Zie blind victim vs drunk victim

Question 12

ingroup favoritism

Answer 12

People are more likely to help others when they are seen as ingroup members

Question 13

Reasons of ingroup favoritism

Answer 13

1. Shared identity
2. social norms

Question 14

Positive mood effect

Answer 14

1. sunny weather
2. pleasant scents
3. small gifts
4. luck

Question 15

social identity theory

Answer 15

1. Others’ expectations
2. Parents as a model
3. Personal norms
4. Past behavior
5. Past receipt of help
6. Role-identity as donor

Question 16

Volunteer process model

Answer 16

level of analysis
1. individual
2. interpersonal
3. organizational
4. societal