Honor Bio 10.2 Flashcards
What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?
Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase → Cytokinesis
What happens during prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.
How does a cell look in prophase?
The nucleus is disappearing, and chromosomes become visible.
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
How does a cell look in metaphase?
Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell.
What happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers.
How does a cell look in anaphase?
Chromosomes are being pulled away from the center toward the poles.
What happens during telophase?
Nuclear envelopes begin to reform, chromosomes start to decondense, and the spindle fibers disappear.
How does a cell look in telophase?
Two new nuclei are forming, and the chromosomes are less visible.
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.
How does a cell look in cytokinesis?
Two distinct cells are forming, separated by either a cleavage furrow (animal cells) or a cell plate (plant cells).
What is a multipotent stem cell? Provide an example.
A cell that can develop into a limited number of cell types. Example: Hematopoietic stem cells (can become different types of blood cells).
What is a pluripotent stem cell? Provide an example.
A cell that can develop into nearly all cell types but not extra-embryonic tissues. Example: Embryonic stem cells.
What is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)?
A differentiated cell that has been genetically reprogrammed to behave like a pluripotent stem cell.
Why do specialized cells differ from each other if they have the same DNA?
Different genes are turned on or off through gene regulation, leading to different structures and functions.
Compare the parent cell to the daughter cells after mitosis.
The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell, each containing the same number of chromosomes.
Explain how all of your body cells have the same genetic code but perform different functions.
Gene expression is regulated by transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and environmental cues.
What role do transcription factors play in cell differentiation?
Transcription factors bind to specific DNA sequences to turn genes on or off, guiding a stem cell to specialize into a specific cell type.
