homework week 8 quiz

Question 1

A common cause of intrarenal acute kidney injury is:
Select one:
a. hypovolemia.
b. type 1 diabetes.
c. a renal calculus. 
d. myocardial infarction.

Answer 1

b. type 1 diabetes.

Question 2

In contrast to the male urethra, the female urethra:
Select one:
a. is approximately 20 cm long.
b. is divided into three regions.
c. consists of a prostatic urethra.
d. is significantly shorter in length.

Answer 2

d. is significantly shorter in length.

Question 3

In a patient with chronic kidney disease, you would MOST likely find that his or her skin is:
Select one:
a. flushed. 
b. jaundiced.
c. cyanotic.
d. cool and dry.

Answer 3

b. jaundiced.

Question 4

A patient with prerenal acute kidney injury would MOST likely present with:
Select one:
a. confusion and hypertension.
b. joint pain and bladder distention.
c. hypotension and tachycardia. 
d. peripheral edema and hematuria.

Answer 4

c. hypotension and tachycardia.

Question 5

Patients with chronic kidney disease may present with uremic frost, especially:
Select one:
a. in the urine. 
b. during emesis.
c. to the flank area.
d. around the face.

Answer 5

d. around the face.

Question 6

The skin of a patient with end-stage renal disease:
Select one:
a. is hot and dry.
b. is thickened.
c. may appear bruised.
d. is usually flushed.

Answer 6

c. may appear bruised.

Question 7

More than half of all cases of chronic kidney disease are caused by:
Select one:
a. systemic diseases such as diabetes.
b. nephron deterioration due to aging.
c. frequent lower urinary tract infections.
d. nephron destruction due to medications.

Answer 7

a. systemic diseases such as diabetes.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding peritoneal dialysis is correct?
Select one:
a. Because of the high risk of peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis can only be performed in a hospital or specialized dialysis center.
b. In peritoneal dialysis, large amounts of specially formulated dialysis fluid are infused into the abdominal cavity and left for 1 to 2 hours.
c. Peritoneal dialysis involves the surgical placement of an arteriovenous shunt in the vasculature of the abdominal cavity.
d. Peritoneal dialysis is the least-preferred method of dialyzing a patient and is only used in extreme emergency situations.

Answer 8

b. In peritoneal dialysis, large amounts of specifically formulated dialysis fluid are infused into the abdominal cavity and left for 1 to 2 hours.

Question 9

Acute kidney injury is MOST accurately defined as:
Select one:
a. a sudden decrease in filtration through the glomeruli.
b. irreversible damage to the nephrons and renal tubules.
c. an acute drop in urine output to less than 750 mL/day.
d. sudden damage to the renal parenchyma due to sepsis.

Answer 9

a. a sudden decrease in filtration through the glomeruli.

Question 10

Which of the following statements regarding postrenal acute kidney injury is correct?
Select one:
a. Patients with postrenal acute kidney injury typically develop severe hypokalemia.
b. Postrenal acute kidney injury involves damage to the renal parenchyma or tubules.
c. Postrenal acute kidney injury typically results in decreased pressure on the nephrons.
d. Postrenal acute kidney injury is caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys.

Answer 10

d. Postrenal acute kidney injury is caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys.

Question 11

Clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Select one:
a. dehydration.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hypotension.
d. QT prolongation.

Answer 11

a. dehydration.

Question 12

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is the:
Select one:
a. nephron.
b. medulla.
c. renal cortex. 
d. podocyte.

Answer 12

a. nephron.

Question 13

All of the following are internal regions of the kidney, EXCEPT the:
Select one:
a. cortex.
b. hilum.
c. pelvis. 
d. medulla.

Answer 13

b. hilum.

Question 14

Patients requiring chronic dialysis:
Select one:
a. are typically not able to ambulate.
b. are usually dialyzed every 2 or 3 days.
c. are almost always inpatients in a hospital.
d. stay on the dialysis machine for 6 to 8 hours.

Answer 14

b. are usually dialyzed every 2 or 3 days.

Question 15

If a patient missed a dialysis treatment, you would expect him or her to present with:
Select one:
a. edema. 
b. dehydration.
c. hypokalemia.
d. hypocalcemia.

Answer 15

a. edema.

Question 16

Definitive treatment for a patient with end-stage renal disease involves:
Select one:
a. inotropic drugs.
b. diuretic therapy.
c. crystalloid fluids.
d. kidney transplant.

Answer 16

d. kidney transplant.

Question 17

Which of the following is the MOST important therapy the paramedic can administer to a patient with an isolated renal calculus?
Select one:
a. Oxygen
b. Rehydration
c. Analgesia
d. An antiemetic

Answer 17

c. Analgesia

Question 18

Unlike peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis:
Select one:
a. is associated with a higher risk of peritonitis.
b. filters nitrogenous waste products from the blood.
c. involves the circulation of blood through a machine.
d. is only used for patients experiencing acute renal failure.

Answer 18

c. involves the circulation of blood through a machine.

Question 19

Azotemia is defined as:
Select one:
a. electrolyte disturbances in the blood.
b. an accumulation of uric acid in the blood.
c. increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
d. excess potassium excretion by the kidneys.

Answer 19

c. increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood.

Question 20

An arteriovenous fistula is usually located in the:
Select one:
a. peritoneal cavity.
b. patient's groin area.
c. distal lower extremity.
d. forearm or upper arm.

Answer 20

d. forearm or upper arm.

Question 21

End-stage renal disease occurs when:
Select one:
a. the initial signs of azotemia are present.
b. the kidneys have lost all ability to function.
c. urine output falls to less than 500 mL/day.
d. the glomerular filtration rate is increased.

Answer 21

b. the kidneys have lost all ability to function.

Question 22

Urine output of less than 500 mL per day is called:
Select one:
a. anuria.
b. oliguria. 
c. dysuria.
d. polyuria.

Answer 22

b. oliguria.

Question 23

Disequilibrium syndrome is a condition in which:
Select one:
a. large amounts of water move by osmosis into the brain, resulting in an acute subdural hematoma.
b. dialysis patients miss one or two of their treatments, resulting in hyperkalemia, azotemia, and hypotension.
c. water initially shifts from the bloodstream into the cerebrospinal fluid, causing an increase in intracranial pressure.
d. the concentration of urea in the bloodstream is lowered slowly, while the solute concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid remains high.

Answer 23

c. water initially shifts from the bloodstream into the cerebrospinal fluid, causing an increase in intracranial pressure.

Question 24

Bradycardia and hypotension following an overaggressive dialysis treatment are MOST indicative of:
Select one:
a. hypovolemia. 
b. hypokalemia.
c. hyperkalemia.
d. air embolism.

Answer 24

b. hypokalemia.

Question 25

All of the following conditions may cause urinary retention, EXCEPT:
Select one:
a. testicular torsion.
b. nerve damage.
c. urinary tract infections.
d. benign prostatic hypertrophy.

Answer 25

a. testicular torsion.