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RADT 251 > homework review > Flashcards

homework review Flashcards

1
Q

a single absorbed dose of 2 Gy can cause skin erythema within

A

24-48 hours

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2
Q

what is the correct order of the major response stages of ARS

A

prodromal, latent, manifest, death/recovery

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3
Q

absolute risk model estimates

A

malignancies that will occur as a result of irradiation

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4
Q

as radiation dose increases, the severity of early tissue reactions

A

also increases

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5
Q

which of the following systems is most radiosensitive?
cerebrovascular
gastrointestinal
hematopoietic
skeletal

A

hematopoietic

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6
Q

somatic cells divide through the process of

A

mitosis

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7
Q

cancer and genetic defects are examples of

A

stochastic effects

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8
Q

true/false: a normal human has 46 different chromosomes composed of 23 pairs in each somatic cell

A

true

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9
Q

true/false: the embryo-fetus has a large numbers of mature, specialized cells and therefore is relatively radioresistant

A

false

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10
Q

true/false: organogenesis lasts approximately from 10 days to 12 weeks postconception

A

true

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11
Q

experiments with mice show that cataracts may be caused by doses as low as

A

0.1 Gy (humans can be 0.5 Gy)

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12
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome has a threshold dose of

A

6 Gy

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13
Q

based on current data, what is a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both males and females?

A

0 Gy

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14
Q

which of the following are considered low LET radiation?

A

x-rays and gamma rays

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15
Q

antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called

A

B lympocytes

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16
Q

During mitosis, what phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period?

A

S phase

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17
Q

How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis in humans?

A

22

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18
Q

in general, which of the following can human cells do?
1. Move, grow, react, and protect themselves
2. Repair damage and regulate life processes
3. Reproduce

A

all of the above

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19
Q

Inorganic materials are compounds that

A

do not contain carbon

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20
Q

What is any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called?

A

oxidation

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21
Q

Which of the following are major tasks of the cytoplasm?
1. Accepts and builds up unrefined materials and assembles from these materials new substances such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
2. Breaks down organic materials to produce energy.
3. Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation.
4. Eliminates waste products.

A

all of the above

22
Q

Which of the following serves as a prototype for messenger RNA (mRNA)?
1. DNA
2. Potassium and Sodium
3. Nitric acid
4. tRNA

A

DNA

23
Q

The cell components that contain the centrioles are the

A

centrosomes

24
Q

In the human body mineral salts are necessary for
1. proper cell function.
2. creation of energy.
3. conduction of impulses along nerves.

A

all of the above

25
Q

Because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an)

A

mutation

26
Q

Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to occur after exposure to

A

high LET radiation such as alpha particles

27
Q

The radiation dose required to produce mitotic death is

A

less than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells.

28
Q

When free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation is indirect in the sense that the radiation is not the immediate cause of injury to the macromolecule. What is the immediate cause of this damage

A

The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules

29
Q

Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell?

A

cell survival curve

30
Q

Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Muscle cells
c. Lymphocytes
d. Adult nerve cells

A

lymphocytes

31
Q

Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive?
a. An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy
b. A fetus during the third trimester of gestation
c. A mature adult
d. A 5-year-old child

A

a. An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy

32
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray?

A

patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage to either the blood or the blood-forming organs as a consequence of the examination.

33
Q

A term that is synonymous with loss of hair is

A

epilation

34
Q

Chromosomal damage can be caused by

A

both low and high radiation doses.

35
Q

During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage and a period of false calm that may last for several days, the stage when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems occurs, this stage is called

A

manifest illness

36
Q

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?

A

Carcinogenic syndrome

37
Q

The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to

A

50% of the exposed population within 30 days

38
Q

Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include
1. bone marrow.
2. male and female reproductive organs.
3. skin.

A

all of the above

39
Q

If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily as a result of

A

catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track.

40
Q

Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by

A

high radiation doses

41
Q

The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the

A

beginning stage

42
Q

Currently, evidence of radiation-induced hereditary effects has not been observed in persons employed in diagnostic imaging or in patients undergoing radiologic examinations. Even with this information, it is still recommended that

A

all radiation exposure be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

43
Q

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following?

A

Late stochastic effects

44
Q

During the preimplantation stage of development, the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing undifferentiated cells. If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result?

A

embryonic death

45
Q

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called

A

point mutations

46
Q

Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?
a. Sperm of a man
b. Ova of a woman
c. Both A and B
d. Somatic cells of men and women

A

both A and B

47
Q

Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most significant?

A

cancer

48
Q

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population, the risk is considered to be

A

relative

49
Q

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

A

1.56 Sv

50
Q

Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.

A

10%

51
Q

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose–response relationship.

A

threshold, nonlinear

RADT 251 (17 decks)

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