ch. 6 and 7 Flashcards
what are the 4 organic compounds?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
what are the 3 inorganic compounds?
water, CO2, salts
what makes up amino acids?
nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
functions of amino acids
structural and enzymatic proteins, repair enzymes, hormones and antibodies
antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the ________________ called ________
bone marrow, B lymphocytes
proteins make up about ___% of cell content; carbohydrates make up about ____%
15%, 1%
lipids make up about __% of cell content; nucleic acids make up about ___% of cell content
2%; 1%
what are the nitrogenous organic bases in DNA?
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
how do nitrogenous bases pair?
adenine/thymine; cystosine/guanine
DNA transmits its genetic information outside of the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of ____
mRNA (messenger RNA)
____ receives genetic code from ____
mRNA, tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA’s function is to assist in the linking of ________________ to facilitate ____________
mRNA to the ribosome, protein synthesis
What year is associated with the Human Genome Project?
2001
which of the following is called “reduction cell division”?
meiosis
what are the 4 phases of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cell life cycle
G1 (pre-DNA synthesis)
S (synthesis)
G2 (post DNA synthesis)
M (Mitosis)
function of cell membrane
acts as a barricade to protect cellular contents, controls passage of water, and more
function of the endoplasmic reticulum
enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another
function of the Golgi apparatus
unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins, transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so the can exit the cell to their required spot
function of the mitochondria
produce energy for cellular activity via oxidation
function of the lysosomes
disposes of large particles such as bacteria and food; breaks down small particles
function of ribosomes
manufacture the various proteins that cells require
function of centrosomes
organizing formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
function of nucleus
contains genetic DNA/proteins, contains nucleolus, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions, directs protein synthesis
function of DNA
contains genetic material, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions
function of nucleolus
holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes
_________________________ determine the extent of energy transfer from different radiation types
Charge, mass, and energy differences
three ways radiation interacts with tissue
linear energy transfer, relative biologic effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio
Average energy deposited by ionizing radiation (per unit length) as it passes through and interacts with tissue
linear energy transfer
units for linear energy transfer
keV/um
low LET radiation involves
x-rays, gamma rays, electron
high LET radiation involves
alpha particles, ions of heavy nuclei, charged particles released between neutrons and atoms, low energy neutrons
Comparative capability of differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction
relative biologic effectiveness
RBE for x-rays
1
how is RBE calculated?
RBE = dose in Gy1 from 250 kVp x-rays (reference radiation) / Dose is Gy1 of test radiation
when is relative biologic effectiveness used?
Used in experiments with different tissues, Uses a radiation weighting factor to calculate equivalent dose
refers to the enhancement of the therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due the presence of oxygen
oxygen enhancement ratio
when is oxygen enhancement ratio used?
radiation therapy
how is OER calculated?
OER = radiation dose required to cause biologic response without O2 / radiation dose required to cause biologic response with O2
direct action affects
DNA, RNA
Indirect action affects
water
ionization of water molecules
radiolysis
single strand break
__________of the chemical bonds
Also called a _____________
Often ________
(High/Low) LET radiation
Ruptures one
point mutation
reversible
Low LET
Double Strand Break
-Additional breaks in _______________ molecular chains
-Not as _____________________
-__________________ may occur if not repaired
-(High/Low) LET radiation
-sugar-phosphate
-easily repaired, but still possible
-Further separation
-Low
Same Rung Double Strand Break
-_______ amount of genetic material
-If chromosomes divide, daughter cells have _______________–
unequal, wrong amount of genetic material
“master molecule” is randomly hit with radiation and cell death occurs refers to
target theory
Cell survival curve displays _________________
sensitivity of a particular cell type
(more/less) mature cells are more radiosensitive
less
(more/less) specialized cells are more radiosensitive
less
the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree differentiation refers to
the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their reproductive activity
directly
the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their degree differentiation refers to
inversely
what blood cells are the most radiosensitive?
lymphocytes
what does LD 50/30 refer to?
dose that will produce death in 50% of people within 30 days
how radiosensitive is epithelial tissue?
highly radiosensitive
how radiosensitive is muscle tissue?
relatively insensitive
how radiosensitive is nervous tissue?
adult vs. embryo/fetus
with reproductive (germ) cells, temporary sterilization occurs at ____
2 Gy
with reproductive (germ) cells, permanent sterilization occurs at ____
5-6 Gy
