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RADT 251 > ch. 6 and 7 > Flashcards

ch. 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the 3 inorganic compounds?

A

water, CO2, salts

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3
Q

what makes up amino acids?

A

nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

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4
Q

functions of amino acids

A

structural and enzymatic proteins, repair enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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5
Q

antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the ________________ called ________

A

bone marrow, B lymphocytes

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6
Q

proteins make up about ___% of cell content; carbohydrates make up about ____%

A

15%, 1%

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7
Q

lipids make up about __% of cell content; nucleic acids make up about ___% of cell content

A

2%; 1%

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8
Q

what are the nitrogenous organic bases in DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

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9
Q

how do nitrogenous bases pair?

A

adenine/thymine; cystosine/guanine

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10
Q

DNA transmits its genetic information outside of the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of ____

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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11
Q

____ receives genetic code from ____

A

mRNA, tRNA (transfer RNA)

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12
Q

rRNA’s function is to assist in the linking of ________________ to facilitate ____________

A

mRNA to the ribosome, protein synthesis

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13
Q

What year is associated with the Human Genome Project?

A

2001

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14
Q

which of the following is called “reduction cell division”?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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16
Q

cell life cycle

A

G1 (pre-DNA synthesis)
S (synthesis)
G2 (post DNA synthesis)
M (Mitosis)

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17
Q

function of cell membrane

A

acts as a barricade to protect cellular contents, controls passage of water, and more

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18
Q

function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another

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19
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins, transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so the can exit the cell to their required spot

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20
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

produce energy for cellular activity via oxidation

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21
Q

function of the lysosomes

A

disposes of large particles such as bacteria and food; breaks down small particles

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22
Q

function of ribosomes

A

manufacture the various proteins that cells require

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23
Q

function of centrosomes

A

organizing formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

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24
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic DNA/proteins, contains nucleolus, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions, directs protein synthesis

25
Q

function of DNA

A

contains genetic material, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions

26
Q

function of nucleolus

A

holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes

27
Q

_________________________ determine the extent of energy transfer from different radiation types

A

Charge, mass, and energy differences

28
Q

three ways radiation interacts with tissue

A

linear energy transfer, relative biologic effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio

29
Q

Average energy deposited by ionizing radiation (per unit length) as it passes through and interacts with tissue

A

linear energy transfer

30
Q

units for linear energy transfer

A

keV/um

31
Q

low LET radiation involves

A

x-rays, gamma rays, electron

32
Q

high LET radiation involves

A

alpha particles, ions of heavy nuclei, charged particles released between neutrons and atoms, low energy neutrons

33
Q

Comparative capability of differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

relative biologic effectiveness

34
Q

RBE for x-rays

A

1

35
Q

how is RBE calculated?

A

RBE = dose in Gy1 from 250 kVp x-rays (reference radiation) / Dose is Gy1 of test radiation

36
Q

when is relative biologic effectiveness used?

A

Used in experiments with different tissues, Uses a radiation weighting factor to calculate equivalent dose

37
Q

refers to the enhancement of the therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due the presence of oxygen

A

oxygen enhancement ratio

38
Q

when is oxygen enhancement ratio used?

A

radiation therapy

39
Q

how is OER calculated?

A

OER = radiation dose required to cause biologic response without O2 / radiation dose required to cause biologic response with O2

40
Q

direct action affects

A

DNA, RNA

41
Q

indirection action affects

A

water

42
Q

ionization of water molecules

A

radiolysis

43
Q

single strand break
__________of the chemical bonds
Also called a _____________
Often ________
(High/Low) LET radiation

A

Ruptures one
point mutation
reversible
Low LET

44
Q

Double Strand Break
-Additional breaks in _______________ molecular chains
-Not as _____________________
-__________________ may occur if not repaired
-(High/Low) LET radiation

A

-sugar-phosphate
-easily repaired, but still possible
-Further separation
-Low

45
Q

Same Rung Double Strand Break
-_______ amount of genetic material
-If chromosomes divide, daughter cells have _______________–

A

unequal, wrong amount of genetic material

46
Q

“master molecule” is randomly hit with radiation and cell death occurs refers to

A

target theory

47
Q

Cell survival curve displays _________________

A

sensitivity of a particular cell type

48
Q

(more/less) mature cells are more radiosensitive

A

less

49
Q

(more/less) specialized cells are more radiosensitive

A

less

50
Q

the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree differentiation refers to

A

the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

51
Q

the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their reproductive activity

A

directly

52
Q

the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their degree differentiation refers to

A

inversely

53
Q

what blood cells are the most radiosensitive?

A

lymphocytes

54
Q

what does LD 50/30 refer to?

A

dose that will produce death in 50% of people within 30 days

55
Q

how radiosensitive is epithelial tissue?

A

highly radiosensitive

56
Q

how radiosensitive is muscle tissue?

A

relatively insensitive

57
Q

how radiosensitive is nervous tissue?

A

adult vs. embryo/fetus

58
Q

with reproductive (germ) cells, temporary sterilization occurs at ____

A

2 Gy

59
Q

with reproductive (germ) cells, permanent sterilization occurs at ____

A

5-6 Gy

RADT 251 (17 decks)

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