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RADT 251 > ch. 6 and 7 > Flashcards

ch. 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 organic compounds?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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2
Q

what are the 3 inorganic compounds?

A

water, CO2, salts

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3
Q

what makes up amino acids?

A

nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

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4
Q

functions of amino acids

A

structural and enzymatic proteins, repair enzymes, hormones and antibodies

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5
Q

antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the ________________ called ________

A

bone marrow, B lymphocytes

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6
Q

proteins make up about ___% of cell content; carbohydrates make up about ____%

A

15%, 1%

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7
Q

lipids make up about __% of cell content; nucleic acids make up about ___% of cell content

A

2%; 1%

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8
Q

what are the nitrogenous organic bases in DNA?

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

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9
Q

how do nitrogenous bases pair?

A

adenine/thymine; cystosine/guanine

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10
Q

DNA transmits its genetic information outside of the cell nucleus by reproducing itself in the form of ____

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

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11
Q

____ receives genetic code from ____

A

mRNA, tRNA (transfer RNA)

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12
Q

rRNA’s function is to assist in the linking of ________________ to facilitate ____________

A

mRNA to the ribosome, protein synthesis

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13
Q

What year is associated with the Human Genome Project?

A

2001

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14
Q

which of the following is called “reduction cell division”?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

what are the 4 phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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16
Q

cell life cycle

A

G1 (pre-DNA synthesis)
S (synthesis)
G2 (post DNA synthesis)
M (Mitosis)

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17
Q

function of cell membrane

A

acts as a barricade to protect cellular contents, controls passage of water, and more

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18
Q

function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers food from one part of the cell to another

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19
Q

function of the Golgi apparatus

A

unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins, transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so the can exit the cell to their required spot

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20
Q

function of the mitochondria

A

produce energy for cellular activity via oxidation

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21
Q

function of the lysosomes

A

disposes of large particles such as bacteria and food; breaks down small particles

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22
Q

function of ribosomes

A

manufacture the various proteins that cells require

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23
Q

function of centrosomes

A

organizing formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

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24
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic DNA/proteins, contains nucleolus, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions, directs protein synthesis

25
function of DNA
contains genetic material, controls cell division/multiplication and biochemical reactions
26
function of nucleolus
holds a large amount of RNA and synthesizes ribosomes
27
_________________________ determine the extent of energy transfer from different radiation types
Charge, mass, and energy differences
28
three ways radiation interacts with tissue
linear energy transfer, relative biologic effectiveness, oxygen enhancement ratio
29
Average energy deposited by ionizing radiation (per unit length) as it passes through and interacts with tissue
linear energy transfer
30
units for linear energy transfer
keV/um
31
low LET radiation involves
x-rays, gamma rays, electron
32
high LET radiation involves
alpha particles, ions of heavy nuclei, charged particles released between neutrons and atoms, low energy neutrons
33
Comparative capability of differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction
relative biologic effectiveness
34
RBE for x-rays
1
35
how is RBE calculated?
RBE = dose in Gy1 from 250 kVp x-rays (reference radiation) / Dose is Gy1 of test radiation
36
when is relative biologic effectiveness used?
Used in experiments with different tissues, Uses a radiation weighting factor to calculate equivalent dose
37
refers to the enhancement of the therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due the presence of oxygen
oxygen enhancement ratio
38
when is oxygen enhancement ratio used?
radiation therapy
39
how is OER calculated?
OER = radiation dose required to cause biologic response without O2 / radiation dose required to cause biologic response with O2
40
direct action affects
DNA, RNA
41
Indirect action affects
water
42
ionization of water molecules
radiolysis
43
single strand break __________of the chemical bonds Also called a _____________ Often ________ (High/Low) LET radiation
Ruptures one point mutation reversible Low LET
44
Double Strand Break -Additional breaks in _______________ molecular chains -Not as _____________________ -__________________ may occur if not repaired -(High/Low) LET radiation
-sugar-phosphate -easily repaired, but still possible -Further separation -Low
45
Same Rung Double Strand Break -_______ amount of genetic material -If chromosomes divide, daughter cells have _______________--
unequal, wrong amount of genetic material
46
"master molecule" is randomly hit with radiation and cell death occurs refers to
target theory
47
Cell survival curve displays _________________
sensitivity of a particular cell type
48
(more/less) mature cells are more radiosensitive
less
49
(more/less) specialized cells are more radiosensitive
less
50
the radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree differentiation refers to
the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
51
the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their reproductive activity
directly
52
the radiosensitivity of cells is (directly/inversely) proportional to their degree differentiation refers to
inversely
53
what blood cells are the most radiosensitive?
lymphocytes
54
what does LD 50/30 refer to?
dose that will produce death in 50% of people within 30 days
55
how radiosensitive is epithelial tissue?
highly radiosensitive
56
how radiosensitive is muscle tissue?
relatively insensitive
57
how radiosensitive is nervous tissue?
adult vs. embryo/fetus
58
with reproductive (germ) cells, temporary sterilization occurs at ____
2 Gy
59
with reproductive (germ) cells, permanent sterilization occurs at ____
5-6 Gy

RADT 251 (18 decks)

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