Homework 14 Flashcards
The functional unit of the kidney is the
Nephron
The cluster of capillaries located inside of Bowman’s capsule is called
Glomerulus
This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
The name of these vessels reflects that they surround the tubules of the nephron
Peritubular capillaries
The small openings or pores in the endothelial cells of the glomerulus are called
Fenestrations.
This middle layer of the filter surrounds the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
Basement membrane (basal lamina)
These cells surround the glomerulus and form the outermost layer, the filtration slits, of the glomerular filtration
Podocytes
The inside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called
Luminal (apical)
The outside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called
Basolateral
The area where the thick ascending limb of the loop (near the distal tubul) comes together with the afferent arteriole is called
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
These specialized cells serve as baroreceptors in the afferent arteriole
Granular cells
These specialized cells monitor sodium chloride content in the filtrate passing through the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle as it’s about to enter the distal tubule
Macula densa cells
These collecting duct cells respond to hormones to help regulate water and sodium levels
Principal cells
These cells in the collecting duct play an important role in regulating blood pH because they can secrete hydrogen ions into the filtrate
Intercalated cells
A mixture of water and small solutes are removed from the blood and move into the nephron during this process
Filtration
The fluid that leaves the blood and enters the nephron tubules is called
Filtrete
The process of moving substances back to the blood from the nephron is called
Re-absorption
The process of moving an individual substance in small amounts from the Peri tubular capillaries into the nephron tubules is called
Secretion
The filtration membrane prevents this major portion of the blood from leaving the vessels
Formed elements
Large types of these molecules are prevented from being filtered out of the blood
Proteins
Filtration is driven by this pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
This pressure in bowmans capsule resist the movement of fluid out of the glomerular capillaries
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Plasma proteins contribute to this pressure that resists the movement of fluid out of the capillaries
Colloid osmotic pressure
Kidney failure could occur if this pressure in the capillaries didn’t exceed the sum of the other two pressures
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
The total amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys each minute is called
Glomerular filtration rate
To maintain glomerular filtration rate if systemic blood pressure increases the afferent arteriole must
Constrict
The automatic adjustment of blood flow within a localized region in response to current tissue requirements is called
Autoregulation
One way to decrease gfrr is to ______ the efferent arteriole
Dilate
High NaCl detected by the macula densa cells in the afferent arteriole would lead to this change in the afferent arteriole
Constrict
When NaCl this chemical is secreted into the blood by the granular cells
Renin
Angiotensin 2 stimulates the efferent arteriole to
Constrict
Redirecting or diverting blood flow from one area to another is called
Shunting
The sympathetic influence causes all vessels of the kidney to
Constrict
This term means across the cell
Transcellular
This term means around or between the cells
Para cellular
The technical term for the diffusion of water is
Osmosis
The reabsorption of water (and the other substances) is driven by the reabsorption of
Sodium
Glucose is moved by symport across this membrane
Luminal (apical) membrane
Glucose is transported out of the proximal tubule cells by facilitated diffusion across this membrane
Basolateral membrane
In the proximal tubule active transport of sodium takes place on this membrane
Basolateral
Glucose shows up in the urine when the amount of glucose exceeds this
Transport maximum
Up regulation of ion channels and pumps in the principal cells is one of the key actions of this hormone
Aldosterone
Insertionn of water channels (aquaporins) in the luminal membrane of the collecting duct cell is the primary action of this hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
More water channels are needed when a person is
Dehydrated
When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a sequence of processes that leads to an increase in the production of ion channels and pumps
Aldosterone
When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a chemical Cascade in the Target cell that leads to an insertion of aquaporins in the cell membrane
Vasopressin
This hormone would lead to a decrease in total blood volume and consequently a decrease in blood pressure
(atrial) natriuretic peptide
This hormone is released from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary
Vasopressin
This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will lead to an increase in sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
Aldosterone
This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will directly lead to an increase in water re-absorption as it would be needed if a person were dehydrated
Vasopressin
This hormone inhibits the release of the other two
Atrial natriuretic peptide
This hormone is also called antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
Increased osmolarity directly increases the production and release of this hormone
Vasopressin
Hyperkalemia stimulates the release of this hormone
Aldosterone
Because this is a steroid hormone it will bind to receptors in the cytosol and enter the nucleus to stimulate genetic transcription
Aldosterone
