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Lecture Exam 5 > Homework 14 > Flashcards

Homework 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the

A

Nephron

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2
Q

The cluster of capillaries located inside of Bowman’s capsule is called

A

Glomerulus

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3
Q

This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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4
Q

The name of these vessels reflects that they surround the tubules of the nephron

A

Peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

The small openings or pores in the endothelial cells of the glomerulus are called

A

Fenestrations.

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6
Q

This middle layer of the filter surrounds the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries

A

Basement membrane (basal lamina)

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7
Q

These cells surround the glomerulus and form the outermost layer, the filtration slits, of the glomerular filtration

A

Podocytes

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8
Q

The inside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called

A

Luminal (apical)

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9
Q

The outside wall of the tubular cell membrane is called

A

Basolateral

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10
Q

The area where the thick ascending limb of the loop (near the distal tubul) comes together with the afferent arteriole is called

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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11
Q

These specialized cells serve as baroreceptors in the afferent arteriole

A

Granular cells

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12
Q

These specialized cells monitor sodium chloride content in the filtrate passing through the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle as it’s about to enter the distal tubule

A

Macula densa cells

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13
Q

These collecting duct cells respond to hormones to help regulate water and sodium levels

A

Principal cells

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14
Q

These cells in the collecting duct play an important role in regulating blood pH because they can secrete hydrogen ions into the filtrate

A

Intercalated cells

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15
Q

A mixture of water and small solutes are removed from the blood and move into the nephron during this process

A

Filtration

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16
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood and enters the nephron tubules is called

A

Filtrete

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17
Q

The process of moving substances back to the blood from the nephron is called

A

Re-absorption

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18
Q

The process of moving an individual substance in small amounts from the Peri tubular capillaries into the nephron tubules is called

A

Secretion

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19
Q

The filtration membrane prevents this major portion of the blood from leaving the vessels

A

Formed elements

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20
Q

Large types of these molecules are prevented from being filtered out of the blood

A

Proteins

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21
Q

Filtration is driven by this pressure

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

This pressure in bowmans capsule resist the movement of fluid out of the glomerular capillaries

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

Plasma proteins contribute to this pressure that resists the movement of fluid out of the capillaries

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

24
Q

Kidney failure could occur if this pressure in the capillaries didn’t exceed the sum of the other two pressures

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

25
Q

The total amount of filtrate formed by the kidneys each minute is called

A

Glomerular filtration rate

26
Q

To maintain glomerular filtration rate if systemic blood pressure increases the afferent arteriole must

A

Constrict

27
Q

The automatic adjustment of blood flow within a localized region in response to current tissue requirements is called

A

Autoregulation

28
Q

One way to decrease gfrr is to ______ the efferent arteriole

A

Dilate

29
Q

High NaCl detected by the macula densa cells in the afferent arteriole would lead to this change in the afferent arteriole

A

Constrict

30
Q

When NaCl this chemical is secreted into the blood by the granular cells

A

Renin

31
Q

Angiotensin 2 stimulates the efferent arteriole to

A

Constrict

32
Q

Redirecting or diverting blood flow from one area to another is called

A

Shunting

33
Q

The sympathetic influence causes all vessels of the kidney to

A

Constrict

34
Q

This term means across the cell

A

Transcellular

35
Q

This term means around or between the cells

A

Para cellular

36
Q

The technical term for the diffusion of water is

A

Osmosis

37
Q

The reabsorption of water (and the other substances) is driven by the reabsorption of

A

Sodium

38
Q

Glucose is moved by symport across this membrane

A

Luminal (apical) membrane

39
Q

Glucose is transported out of the proximal tubule cells by facilitated diffusion across this membrane

A

Basolateral membrane

40
Q

In the proximal tubule active transport of sodium takes place on this membrane

A

Basolateral

41
Q

Glucose shows up in the urine when the amount of glucose exceeds this

A

Transport maximum

42
Q

Up regulation of ion channels and pumps in the principal cells is one of the key actions of this hormone

A

Aldosterone

43
Q

Insertionn of water channels (aquaporins) in the luminal membrane of the collecting duct cell is the primary action of this hormone

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

44
Q

More water channels are needed when a person is

A

Dehydrated

45
Q

When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a sequence of processes that leads to an increase in the production of ion channels and pumps

A

Aldosterone

46
Q

When this hormone binds to its receptor it stimulates a chemical Cascade in the Target cell that leads to an insertion of aquaporins in the cell membrane

A

Vasopressin

47
Q

This hormone would lead to a decrease in total blood volume and consequently a decrease in blood pressure

A

(atrial) natriuretic peptide

48
Q

This hormone is released from the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and is secreted into the blood from the posterior pituitary

A

Vasopressin

50
Q

This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will lead to an increase in sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion

A

Aldosterone

51
Q

This hormone is involved in a feedback loop that will directly lead to an increase in water re-absorption as it would be needed if a person were dehydrated

A

Vasopressin

52
Q

This hormone inhibits the release of the other two

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

53
Q

This hormone is also called antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

Increased osmolarity directly increases the production and release of this hormone

A

Vasopressin

55
Q

Hyperkalemia stimulates the release of this hormone

A

Aldosterone

56
Q

Because this is a steroid hormone it will bind to receptors in the cytosol and enter the nucleus to stimulate genetic transcription

A

Aldosterone

Lecture Exam 5 (5 decks)

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