Chapter 19 & 20 Study Guide Flashcards
The movement of a mixture of substances from the blood into the nephron is called?
Filtration
The movement of individual substances from the blood into the nepheon tubule is called
secretion
The movement of fluid from the nephron tubule back into the blood in called
reabsorption
This major component of blood that is filtered out of the nephron is
plasma
All the following can be filtered out of the plasma EXCEPT
- Glucose
- Ions
- Proteins
- Amino Acids
- Proteins
Filtration takes place here in the nephron
Glomerulus
Reabsorption takes place at every step along the nephron EXCEPT
1, proximal Tubule
2, Bowman’s Capsule
- Distal Tubule
- Collecting Duct
Bowman’s Capsule
The fluid that leaves the blood and moves through the nephron tubule is called
Filtrate
The only location where organic molecules like Glucose and Amino Acids are reabsorbed into the blood is
proximal tubule
Water, but not solutes, are reabsorbed here
decsending limb of the loop of henle
These can be secreted from the blood into the filtrate
K+ Ions
How fast fluid moves from the blood into the Bowman’s Capsule is called the
Glomerular Filteration Rate
This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Substances are reabsorbed into the vessels that surround the nephron tubule
peritubular capillaries
This hormone is also called “antidiuretic hormone”
vasopressin
This hormone is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex when potassium levels are high
Aldosterone
When this hormone is present, the target cells will increase the reabsorption of water
vasopressin
All of the following are stimuli to alter the rate of Urinary System function EXCEPT
- chnages in osmolarity
- Changes in Blood Pressure
- Changes in temperature
- Changes in Potassium
- Temperature
The urinary system functions with these 4 things
name them
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretions
- Excretion
Regulation of the Urinary System involves these two things
Autoregulation
&
Hormones influence
The regulation of the urinary system invloves what
regulation of extracellular fluid vloume
(TBV)
Roles of the urinary system involve 2 things bllod pressure and __________.
osmolarity
Maintaince of the urinary system involves
______ balance and ___ balance.
Ion & Ph Balance
excretion of wastes is done through the what system
urinary system
(excretions of waste comes out in Urine)
One of the roles in the urinary system is the production of _________.
Hormones
The kidney is divided into two parts
name them
outer cortex
inner (middle) Medulla
Urine leaving the nephrons flows into _____ _______ prior to passing through the ureter into the bladder.
renal pelvis
The functional unit of the kidney does what?
Filter’s Blood
Name the hormone that is producd and secreted by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
What does erythropoietin stimulate?
Red Blood Cell Production
One nephron has ____ arterioles & two sets of _________ that form a portal system.
- Two Arterioles
- Two sets of capillaries
Name the set of arterioles
- Afferent arteriole
- Efferent arteriole
Afferent Arteriole goes into the____________
Glomerulus
The Efferent Arteriole exits out of the ________
Glomerulus
Where is the location of the filitrate
Glomerulus Capillaries
What are the set of Capillaries names ( 2 of them)
- Peritubule
- Glomerulus
The fluid that leaves the blood at the bowman’s capsule is called what?
Filtrate
GLomerulus is a bundle of (pores) ________ capillaries.
fenrestrated Capillaires
Blood enter
the glomerulus (bowman’s capsule) inthe promixal tubule,
the descending limb of the Loop of Henle,
The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle,
The diatal tubule and the collecting duct
what Is the movement of fluid from blood into the tubule
Filtration
What is taking substances from filtrate back into the blood
Reabsorption
Moving individual substances from the blood back into the tubules is called
secretion
The formula that the nephron functions by is what?
amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted
equals = the amount excreted
what are the 3 major functions of the Nephron?
Filtrate, Reabsorption, Secretion
___________ is a mixture of substances.
Filtration
What is called when you have flushing of the substances from the blood to the tubule
filtration
What is called when you have to “Fine Tune”, individual substances, getting rid of excess ions from the blood into the tubule
secretion
what is the name when for what we remove from the body
through the urine?
excretions
The only place filtration takes place is where?
Glomerulus
name the places reabsorption takes place in the nephron
- Proximal tubule
- decsending limb of the Loop of Henle
- Acsending limb of the looop of henle
- distal tubule,
- collecting duct
where does excretion take place in the nephron
- proximal tubule
- Distal tubule
- collecting duct
is the collecting duct your final content of blood and urine
true or false
true
how much urine is excreted from your body per/day
1-2 Liter
reabsorption basically means __________.
transport
Howmuch fluis does the kidney produce daily
180 Liters of filtrate per/day
how much fluid is reabsorbed every day
178-179 Liter per/day
filtration is the movement of substances out of the ________ and in the nephron tubule.
capilaaries
The epithelium around the glomerulus capillaries is modified into what?
podocytes
Formed elements and plasma protein
LEAVE OR DON’T LEAVE
the blood?
DON’T LEAVE
where can podocytes and mesangial cells be found?
Glomerular capillaries
what cells surrounds the capillaries to help then contract and relax?
mesangial cells
mesangial cells that surround these and help alter what?
(2 answers)
- capillaries
- (alter) Blood Flow through the capillaries
what do mesangial cells secrete
cytokines
Mesangial cells can help with ______ response.
immune
what cells help to maintain the basement membrane
mesangial cells
What are fenestrated capillaires
A site of filtration
Fenestrated capillaries are located where?
inside the Bowman’s Capsule
(aka glomerular capsule)
Glomerular filter has 3 layers of filtration can you name them from innermost out?
- fenestration
- basal lamina
- filtration slits (formed by podocytes)
does basal lamina have a negative or a postive charge
negative charge
filteration slits are formed by posocytes, _____ of opening limits what can move through
size
waht ion can fit through the basal lamina because of its size?
chloride
Net filtration depends on what 3 pressures?
- Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
- Colloid Osmotic Pressure
- Bowman’s capsule (hydrostatic pressure)
How rapid we make filtrate is called?
Glomerulus Filtration rate
What category of proteins is responsible for maintaing the osmolarity of blood?
Albumins
Pressure that pushes outward against the walls into one direction is what kind of pressure?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
what kind of pressure is in capillary is osmotic drawing on fluid into the capillary?
colloid osmotic pressure
what resist movement of fluid into the capsule, what is the name of this pressure?
Bowman’s Capsule Fluid
(Hydrostatic Pressure)
What is in the blood that acts like osmotically active solutes?
Albumins
What is the name of the pressure that has to exceed the sum of the other 2 pressures, in order to have filtrate?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Filtration depends on what kind of pressure, and is opposed by colloid osmotic pressure and capsule fluid pressure?
Capillary Hydrostatic pressure
Albumins are produced in ______.
Liver
resistance changes in renal arterioles will alter what?
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerulus Filtration Rate
what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasoconstriction?
increase resistance
decrease renal blood flow
decrease capillary BP (decreases PH) and decreases GFR
what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasodilation?
increases GFR
what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole
vasodilates?
decrease GFR
what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole vasoconstriction
increased GFR
What happens to GRF during hydration status
low GRF
kidney failure
what percentage is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
60-70%
reabsorption takes place where in the nephron?
peritubular capillary
loop of henle
distal tubule
collecting duct
transport out of the lumen into the peritubular capillaries happens these two ways?
transepithelial transport
paracellular transport
what is the name when substances cross both the apical and basolateral membrane?
transepithelial transport
what side is the apical membrane on?
lumen side
what side is the basolateral membrane on?
extracellular side
___________ pathway is substances pass through the junctions between adjacent cells?
paracellular
where are organic molecules reabsorbed?
proximal tubule
what substances are reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
water and ions
( Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate, K+ )
organic molecules like glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by this process?
transporter
transporters are limited in rate of transport, small proteins get reabsorbed by what process?
Endocytosis
on the descending limb of Henle what is only reabsorbed?
water
As water is removed from the Loop of Henle, filtrate becomes more ______________?
concentrated
how is water transported?
osmosis
normal OSM of Blood is?
290-300 mosm
what does the ascending loop of henle reabsorbs?
only solutes
(Na+, K+, CL-)
as solutes are removed, what does this do to the cooncentration?
it becomes less concentrated
By the end of the loop up to what percentage of filtrate has been reasborbed?
80-90%
Will osmolarity in descending limb increase or decrease?
increases
solutes are stuck and water is lost
what happens to the osmolarity in the ascending limb will it be increased or decreased?
decreases
because water is kept and solutes move out
reabsorption at the distal tubule only reabsorbs what substances?
water and ions
what percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the end of the distal tubule
95%
what is reabsorbed at the collecting duct?
water and ions
as siltrate moves up the ascending limb it keeps water but loses solutes, what happens to the osmolarity as it goes up the ascending limb?
decreases
How is Na+ transported on the luminal membrane?
- type of transport
- type of transporter
- simple diffusion
- channel protein
uniport
how is Na+ transported on the basaolateral membrane?
- type of transport
- transporter
- primary active transport
- co-transport
antiport
The cells that make the walls of the proximal tubule all have these type of transporters?
SGLT
sodium/Glucose Transporter
what are the 3 things that make up secondary active transport?
- one substance moving against their gradient
- it is not using ATP at the site
- completely dependent on the use of Na+/K+ pump
On the basolateral membrane side what is pump is the primary active transport?
Na+/K+ pump
reabsorption transport rate has a limit called what?
transport maximum
transport maximum is
transport rate of saturation
Saturation get excreted into the what?
urine
if glucose doesnt get reabsorbed in this tubule it will continue through to the urine?
promixal convoulted tubule
small proteins are transpotered by this process
transocytosis
amino acids use co-transport with this ion
(same mechanism as glucose)
sodium
reabsorption in the descending loop is highly permable to ______ not _______.
higly oermable to water
not to solutes
why would water leave the loop of henle?
to change osmolarity
thin ascending limb (first part) has active transport of these ions, and it follows by electrochemical gradient?
Na+ CL-
imperable to water
changes osmolarity in interstital fluid
what happen in the lopp of henle is what creates ______ gradient
osmotic
in the loop of henle the osmotic gradient is
high or low
- cortex
- medulla
- cortex=low
- medulla= high
reabsorption in the descending limb is highly permable to _____ and not to ______.
highly permeable to water
ions
why do ions move across the basolateral membrane?
antions are attracted to the postive charge of Na+
what is the name that means their are 2 currents moving in oppisite directions, against current
countercurrent
what system creates and maintains osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?
(important for fine tuning the collecting duct)
countercurrent Multipulier System
define
- countercurrent=
- multiplier=
- flows in opposite directions
- changes osmolarity
what does the countercurrent exchanger do?
filtrates in tubule and blood in the peritubular (vasa recta) moves in opposites directions
what does the exchange in countercurrent exchangeer mean
water will leave the filtrate by osmosis is taken up by the peritubular capillaries that run parallel to the loop of henle
what does the exchanger prevent?
water from diluting the interstitial fluid
when you move individual substances from the blood to the filtrate what is called?
secretion
where does secretion take place
proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct
why would we want to remove H+ ions out of the blood and put into the filtrate?
to prevent acidosis
what is secreted in the proximal tubule?
H+ (Ph regulation)
K+
primary role of glomerulus?
filtration
primary function within the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption 60-7-% of filtrate
all organic molecules most Na+ and water reaborbed
what is the loop of henle’s primary role?
reabsorption of water, Na+, Cl-
Distal convoluted tubule what takes place here?
(early segment)
active transport of Na+ continues
impermeable to water
(late segment)
permaebale to water
some hormone influence
fluid from many nephrons collect here?
renal pelvis
