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Lecture Exam 5 > Chapter 19 & 20 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 19 & 20 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of a mixture of substances from the blood into the nephron is called?

A

Filtration

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2
Q

The movement of individual substances from the blood into the nepheon tubule is called

A

secretion

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3
Q

The movement of fluid from the nephron tubule back into the blood in called

A

reabsorption

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4
Q

This major component of blood that is filtered out of the nephron is

A

plasma

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5
Q

All the following can be filtered out of the plasma EXCEPT

  1. Glucose
  2. Ions
  3. Proteins
  4. Amino Acids
A
  1. Proteins
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6
Q

Filtration takes place here in the nephron

A

Glomerulus

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7
Q

Reabsorption takes place at every step along the nephron EXCEPT

1, proximal Tubule

2, Bowman’s Capsule

  1. Distal Tubule
  2. Collecting Duct
A

Bowman’s Capsule

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8
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood and moves through the nephron tubule is called

A

Filtrate

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9
Q

The only location where organic molecules like Glucose and Amino Acids are reabsorbed into the blood is

A

proximal tubule

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10
Q

Water, but not solutes, are reabsorbed here

A

decsending limb of the loop of henle

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11
Q

These can be secreted from the blood into the filtrate

A

K+ Ions

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12
Q

How fast fluid moves from the blood into the Bowman’s Capsule is called the

A

Glomerular Filteration Rate

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13
Q

This blood vessel directs blood into the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

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14
Q

Substances are reabsorbed into the vessels that surround the nephron tubule

A

peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

This hormone is also called “antidiuretic hormone”

A

vasopressin

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16
Q

This hormone is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex when potassium levels are high

A

Aldosterone

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17
Q

When this hormone is present, the target cells will increase the reabsorption of water

A

vasopressin

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18
Q

All of the following are stimuli to alter the rate of Urinary System function EXCEPT

  1. chnages in osmolarity
  2. Changes in Blood Pressure
  3. Changes in temperature
  4. Changes in Potassium
A
  1. Temperature
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19
Q

The urinary system functions with these 4 things

name them

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretions
  4. Excretion
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20
Q

Regulation of the Urinary System involves these two things

A

Autoregulation

&

Hormones influence

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21
Q

The regulation of the urinary system invloves what

A

regulation of extracellular fluid vloume

(TBV)

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22
Q

Roles of the urinary system involve 2 things bllod pressure and __________.

A

osmolarity

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23
Q

Maintaince of the urinary system involves

______ balance and ___ balance.

A

Ion & Ph Balance

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24
Q

excretion of wastes is done through the what system

A

urinary system

(excretions of waste comes out in Urine)

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25
Q

One of the roles in the urinary system is the production of _________.

A

Hormones

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26
Q

The kidney is divided into two parts

name them

A

outer cortex

inner (middle) Medulla

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27
Q

Urine leaving the nephrons flows into _____ _______ prior to passing through the ureter into the bladder.

A

renal pelvis

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28
Q

The functional unit of the kidney does what?

A

Filter’s Blood

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29
Q

Name the hormone that is producd and secreted by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

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30
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

Red Blood Cell Production

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31
Q

One nephron has ____ arterioles & two sets of _________ that form a portal system.

A
  1. Two Arterioles
  2. Two sets of capillaries
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32
Q

Name the set of arterioles

A
  1. Afferent arteriole
  2. Efferent arteriole
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33
Q

Afferent Arteriole goes into the____________

A

Glomerulus

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34
Q

The Efferent Arteriole exits out of the ________

A

Glomerulus

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35
Q

Where is the location of the filitrate

A

Glomerulus Capillaries

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36
Q

What are the set of Capillaries names ( 2 of them)

A
  1. Peritubule
  2. Glomerulus
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37
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood at the bowman’s capsule is called what?

A

Filtrate

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38
Q

GLomerulus is a bundle of (pores) ________ capillaries.

A

fenrestrated Capillaires

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39
Q

Blood enter

the glomerulus (bowman’s capsule) inthe promixal tubule,

the descending limb of the Loop of Henle,

The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle,

The diatal tubule and the collecting duct

A
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40
Q

what Is the movement of fluid from blood into the tubule

A

Filtration

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41
Q

What is taking substances from filtrate back into the blood

A

Reabsorption

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42
Q

Moving individual substances from the blood back into the tubules is called

A

secretion

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43
Q

The formula that the nephron functions by is what?

A

amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted

equals = the amount excreted

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44
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the Nephron?

A

Filtrate, Reabsorption, Secretion

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45
Q

___________ is a mixture of substances.

A

Filtration

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46
Q

What is called when you have flushing of the substances from the blood to the tubule

A

filtration

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47
Q

What is called when you have to “Fine Tune”, individual substances, getting rid of excess ions from the blood into the tubule

A

secretion

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48
Q

what is the name when for what we remove from the body

through the urine?

A

excretions

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49
Q

The only place filtration takes place is where?

A

Glomerulus

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50
Q

name the places reabsorption takes place in the nephron

A
  1. Proximal tubule
  2. decsending limb of the Loop of Henle
  3. Acsending limb of the looop of henle
  4. distal tubule,
  5. collecting duct
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51
Q

where does excretion take place in the nephron

A
  1. proximal tubule
  2. Distal tubule
  3. collecting duct
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52
Q

is the collecting duct your final content of blood and urine

true or false

A

true

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53
Q

how much urine is excreted from your body per/day

A

1-2 Liter

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54
Q

reabsorption basically means __________.

A

transport

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55
Q

Howmuch fluis does the kidney produce daily

A

180 Liters of filtrate per/day

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56
Q

how much fluid is reabsorbed every day

A

178-179 Liter per/day

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57
Q

filtration is the movement of substances out of the ________ and in the nephron tubule.

A

capilaaries

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58
Q

The epithelium around the glomerulus capillaries is modified into what?

A

podocytes

59
Q

Formed elements and plasma protein

LEAVE OR DON’T LEAVE

the blood?

A

DON’T LEAVE

60
Q

where can podocytes and mesangial cells be found?

A

Glomerular capillaries

61
Q

what cells surrounds the capillaries to help then contract and relax?

A

mesangial cells

62
Q

mesangial cells that surround these and help alter what?

(2 answers)

A
  1. capillaries
  2. (alter) Blood Flow through the capillaries
63
Q

what do mesangial cells secrete

A

cytokines

64
Q

Mesangial cells can help with ______ response.

A

immune

65
Q

what cells help to maintain the basement membrane

A

mesangial cells

66
Q

What are fenestrated capillaires

A

A site of filtration

67
Q

Fenestrated capillaries are located where?

A

inside the Bowman’s Capsule

(aka glomerular capsule)

68
Q

Glomerular filter has 3 layers of filtration can you name them from innermost out?

A
  1. fenestration
  2. basal lamina
  3. filtration slits (formed by podocytes)
69
Q

does basal lamina have a negative or a postive charge

A

negative charge

70
Q

filteration slits are formed by posocytes, _____ of opening limits what can move through

A

size

71
Q

waht ion can fit through the basal lamina because of its size?

A

chloride

72
Q

Net filtration depends on what 3 pressures?

A
  1. Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. Colloid Osmotic Pressure
  3. Bowman’s capsule (hydrostatic pressure)
73
Q

How rapid we make filtrate is called?

A

Glomerulus Filtration rate

74
Q

What category of proteins is responsible for maintaing the osmolarity of blood?

A

Albumins

75
Q

Pressure that pushes outward against the walls into one direction is what kind of pressure?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

76
Q

what kind of pressure is in capillary is osmotic drawing on fluid into the capillary?

A

colloid osmotic pressure

77
Q

what resist movement of fluid into the capsule, what is the name of this pressure?

A

Bowman’s Capsule Fluid

(Hydrostatic Pressure)

78
Q

What is in the blood that acts like osmotically active solutes?

A

Albumins

79
Q

What is the name of the pressure that has to exceed the sum of the other 2 pressures, in order to have filtrate?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

80
Q

Filtration depends on what kind of pressure, and is opposed by colloid osmotic pressure and capsule fluid pressure?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure

81
Q

Albumins are produced in ______.

A

Liver

82
Q

resistance changes in renal arterioles will alter what?

A

Renal Blood Flow and Glomerulus Filtration Rate

83
Q

what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasoconstriction?

A

increase resistance

decrease renal blood flow

decrease capillary BP (decreases PH) and decreases GFR

84
Q

what happens to GFR when blood enters the Afferent Arteriole undergoes vasodilation?

A

increases GFR

85
Q

what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole

vasodilates?

A

decrease GFR

86
Q

what happens to the GFR when blood exits the efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

A

increased GFR

87
Q

What happens to GRF during hydration status

A

low GRF

kidney failure

88
Q

what percentage is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

A

60-70%

89
Q

reabsorption takes place where in the nephron?

A

peritubular capillary

loop of henle

distal tubule

collecting duct

90
Q

transport out of the lumen into the peritubular capillaries happens these two ways?

A

transepithelial transport

paracellular transport

91
Q

what is the name when substances cross both the apical and basolateral membrane?

A

transepithelial transport

92
Q

what side is the apical membrane on?

A

lumen side

93
Q

what side is the basolateral membrane on?

A

extracellular side

94
Q

___________ pathway is substances pass through the junctions between adjacent cells?

A

paracellular

95
Q

where are organic molecules reabsorbed?

A

proximal tubule

96
Q

what substances are reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?

A

water and ions

( Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate, K+ )

97
Q

organic molecules like glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by this process?

A

transporter

98
Q

transporters are limited in rate of transport, small proteins get reabsorbed by what process?

A

Endocytosis

99
Q

on the descending limb of Henle what is only reabsorbed?

A

water

100
Q

As water is removed from the Loop of Henle, filtrate becomes more ______________?

A

concentrated

101
Q

how is water transported?

A

osmosis

102
Q

normal OSM of Blood is?

A

290-300 mosm

103
Q

what does the ascending loop of henle reabsorbs?

A

only solutes

(Na+, K+, CL-)

104
Q

as solutes are removed, what does this do to the cooncentration?

A

it becomes less concentrated

105
Q

By the end of the loop up to what percentage of filtrate has been reasborbed?

A

80-90%

106
Q

Will osmolarity in descending limb increase or decrease?

A

increases

solutes are stuck and water is lost

107
Q

what happens to the osmolarity in the ascending limb will it be increased or decreased?

A

decreases

because water is kept and solutes move out

108
Q

reabsorption at the distal tubule only reabsorbs what substances?

A

water and ions

109
Q

what percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed by the end of the distal tubule

A

95%

110
Q

what is reabsorbed at the collecting duct?

A

water and ions

111
Q

as siltrate moves up the ascending limb it keeps water but loses solutes, what happens to the osmolarity as it goes up the ascending limb?

A

decreases

112
Q

How is Na+ transported on the luminal membrane?

  1. type of transport
  2. type of transporter
A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. channel protein

uniport

113
Q

how is Na+ transported on the basaolateral membrane?

  1. type of transport
  2. transporter
A
  1. primary active transport
  2. co-transport

antiport

114
Q

The cells that make the walls of the proximal tubule all have these type of transporters?

A

SGLT

sodium/Glucose Transporter

115
Q

what are the 3 things that make up secondary active transport?

A
  1. one substance moving against their gradient
  2. it is not using ATP at the site
  3. completely dependent on the use of Na+/K+ pump
116
Q

On the basolateral membrane side what is pump is the primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+ pump

117
Q

reabsorption transport rate has a limit called what?

A

transport maximum

118
Q

transport maximum is

A

transport rate of saturation

119
Q

Saturation get excreted into the what?

A

urine

120
Q

if glucose doesnt get reabsorbed in this tubule it will continue through to the urine?

A

promixal convoulted tubule

121
Q

small proteins are transpotered by this process

A

transocytosis

122
Q

amino acids use co-transport with this ion

(same mechanism as glucose)

A

sodium

123
Q

reabsorption in the descending loop is highly permable to ______ not _______.

A

higly oermable to water

not to solutes

124
Q

why would water leave the loop of henle?

A

to change osmolarity

125
Q

thin ascending limb (first part) has active transport of these ions, and it follows by electrochemical gradient?

A

Na+ CL-

imperable to water

changes osmolarity in interstital fluid

126
Q

what happen in the lopp of henle is what creates ______ gradient

A

osmotic

127
Q

in the loop of henle the osmotic gradient is

high or low

  1. cortex
  2. medulla
A
  1. cortex=low
  2. medulla= high
128
Q

reabsorption in the descending limb is highly permable to _____ and not to ______.

A

highly permeable to water

ions

129
Q

why do ions move across the basolateral membrane?

A

antions are attracted to the postive charge of Na+

130
Q

what is the name that means their are 2 currents moving in oppisite directions, against current

A

countercurrent

131
Q

what system creates and maintains osmotic gradient in the renal medulla?

(important for fine tuning the collecting duct)

A

countercurrent Multipulier System

132
Q

define

  1. countercurrent=
  2. multiplier=
A
  1. flows in opposite directions
  2. changes osmolarity
133
Q

what does the countercurrent exchanger do?

A

filtrates in tubule and blood in the peritubular (vasa recta) moves in opposites directions

134
Q

what does the exchange in countercurrent exchangeer mean

A

water will leave the filtrate by osmosis is taken up by the peritubular capillaries that run parallel to the loop of henle

135
Q

what does the exchanger prevent?

A

water from diluting the interstitial fluid

136
Q

when you move individual substances from the blood to the filtrate what is called?

A

secretion

137
Q

where does secretion take place

A

proximal tubule, distal tubule, and collecting duct

138
Q

why would we want to remove H+ ions out of the blood and put into the filtrate?

A

to prevent acidosis

139
Q

what is secreted in the proximal tubule?

A

H+ (Ph regulation)

K+

140
Q

primary role of glomerulus?

A

filtration

141
Q

primary function within the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

reabsorption 60-7-% of filtrate

all organic molecules most Na+ and water reaborbed

142
Q

what is the loop of henle’s primary role?

A

reabsorption of water, Na+, Cl-

143
Q

Distal convoluted tubule what takes place here?

A

(early segment)

active transport of Na+ continues

impermeable to water

(late segment)

permaebale to water

some hormone influence

144
Q

fluid from many nephrons collect here?

A

renal pelvis

Lecture Exam 5 (5 decks)

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