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Lecture Exam 5 > Chapter 18 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the state of too little Oxygen?

A

Hypoxia

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2
Q

What is the name when a person has a high concentration of Carbon Dioxide?

A

Hypercapnia

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3
Q

What gas is a waste product during the Citric Acid Ccyle?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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4
Q

High levels of CO2 causes a state of what?

A

Acidosis

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5
Q

Why is it critical in maintaining a pH Homeostasis?

A

It prevents denaturation of proteins

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6
Q

In the Respiratory System what mechanism can alter pH?

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

What causes a movement of a molecule from a region of higher concentration to Lower concentration?

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

When talking about Aveolar gas exchange what gas enters the blood at the Alveolar Capillary Interface?

A

Oxygen

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9
Q

In Cellular respiration what gas determines the metabolic production?

A

CO2

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10
Q

When talking about Alveolar gas exchange what gas enters the alveoli at the alveolar capilaary interface?

A

CO2

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11
Q

If you increase surface area, you will do what to diffusion?

Increase or Dercrease

A

Increase

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12
Q

If you increase thickness, this does what to diffusion rate?

Increase or Decrease

A

Decrease

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13
Q

If you increase distance you will do what to diffusion rate?

increase or decrease

A

decrease

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14
Q

Surface area, over which the gases diffuse is called what?

A

Diffusion Distance

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15
Q

What is the name when a person has low arterial O2?

A

Hypoxic

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16
Q

Decreased total amount of O2 bound to Hemoglobin is called what?

A

Anemic Hypoxia

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17
Q

What is reduced Blood Flow called?

A

Ishemic Hypoxia

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18
Q

What is it called when a person cells fail to use O2 because the cells have been poisoned?

A

Histotoxic Hypoxia

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19
Q

Dilation of the bronchoioles by relaxing smooth muscle, it will open up the airway and do what to resistance?

A

decrease resistance

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20
Q

Constriction of the bronchioles will constrict smooth muscle and this will do what to resistance?

A

Increase resistance

(making it difficult to breathe)

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21
Q

Altitude is a main factor that affects what?

A

Atmospheric Oxygen Content

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22
Q

If you increase surface area, you will increase capillary ______, which will increase diffusion.

A

Density

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23
Q

A diffusion barrier like scar tissue will

speed up or slow down gas exchange?

A

Slow down

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24
Q

excess fluid can do what to diffusion distance

between the aveloar air space and blood?

A

increase the diffusion distance

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25
Q

what does pulmonary edema do to

diffusion distance and gas exchange?

A

increase diffusion distance and will slow gas exchange

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26
Q

gas exchange in the lungs is

fast or slow?

A

Fast

(RAPID EXCHANGE)

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27
Q

blood flow through pulmonary capillaries moves fast or slow and why?

A

moves slow

because it reaches equilibrium

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28
Q

what are the 3 thigs that affect diffusion of gases?

A
  1. surface area
  2. diffusion barrier permeability
  3. diffusion distance
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29
Q

what condition leads to destruction of the Aveoli?

(means less surface area for gas exchange)

A

Emphysema

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30
Q

what factors contribute to Emphysema which leads to what?

A

less surface area

loss of elasticity

can’t recoil back

expiration breathing is forced and its labored breathing

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31
Q

what condition leads to accumulationof fluid in the lungs?

A

Pneumonia

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32
Q

what condition has increased airway resistance but a decreased avleolar ventilation?

A

Asthma

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33
Q

if gas pressure is higher in the water than in the gaseous phase, the gas molecules will leave or stay i the water?

A

leave the water

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34
Q

if gas pressure is increased in the gaseous phase than in the water, then the gas will

dissolve in the water or leave the water?

A

dissolve in the water

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35
Q

what is solubility?

A

the ability to dissolve in a fluid

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36
Q

what gas is more soluble in water?

O2 or CO2

A

CO2

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37
Q

In a solution when O2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is

less or more

to equilibrium?

A

Less

38
Q

In a solution when CO2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is

less or more

to equilibrium?

A

More

39
Q

If you increase temperature you will do this to the gas movement?

A

increase movement

40
Q

The amount iof gas moves based on ________ ________ gradient?

A

partial pressure

41
Q

_________ pressure is the sumn of all partial pressure of gases that make up this content?

A

Atmospheric Pressure

42
Q

What chemicals and measurements make up Atmospheric Air

(Dalton’s Law)

(4 of them)

A
  1. N2 = 597mmHg
  2. O2 = 159mmHg
  3. CO2 = 0.3mmHg
  4. H2O = 3.7mmHg

totaling 760mmHg

43
Q

What gas diffuses across the Aveolar Epithelial cells and Capillaries Endothelial cells to enter the plasma?

A

Oxygen

44
Q

What keeps O2 levels low in red blood cells

A

Oxygen

when O2 binds to hemoglobin, it is no longer free oxygen

45
Q

The attraction between a protein and a ligand is called what?

A

Affinity

46
Q

What is the name when unbinding of a protein and ligand?

A

Dissociation

47
Q

When hemoglobin binds to oxygen what is the name that is forms?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

48
Q

Name the protein that binds oxygen to the red blood cells?

A

oxyhemoglobin

49
Q

What percent of oxygen is attached to hemoglobin?

A

98% attaches to Hemoglobin

50
Q

Where is the Hemoglobin located?

A

Plasma

51
Q

How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?

A

4 Oxygen molecules

52
Q

At the working cells i the cellular respiration when hemoglobin an doxygen come together what is the goal?

A

Decreases Affintiy

decrease dissociation

decrease saturation

53
Q

When O2 is transported into the blood what is the goal?

A

increase affinity

decrease dissociation

increase saturation

54
Q

what type of mechanism controls increase affinty, decrease dissociation, increased saturation?

A

Local Control

55
Q

What can alter O2 binding affinity?

A

Changes in

Ph, plasma, temperature, & PCO2

56
Q

Changes in binding affinity are reflected by change in shape of what?

A

HbO2 Saturation Curve

57
Q

decrease ph, increase temperatures, increase PCO2

what will happen to the affinity of the hemoglobin for O2

increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

58
Q

What 5 Factors affecting HB-O2 bond?

A
  1. ph
  2. temperature
  3. PCO2
  4. PO2
  5. 2,3, DPG
59
Q

lactic acid can alter pH

true or false?

A

true

60
Q

Carbon Dioxide transport in erythrocytes is converted to what Ion?

A

Bicarbonate Ion

61
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the rapid production of HCO3-?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)

62
Q

Dissolved CO2 in the Plasma diffuses into the Red Blood Cells where it can react with water in the presence of this enzyme?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase

63
Q

what enzyme helps form a H+ ion and a bicarbonate Ion?

( CO2 + H2O —CA—-> H+ + HCO3- )

A

carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

When Hemoglobin and CO2 come together they form what?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

65
Q

What energy pathway and where in the cells is CO2 Preoduced?

A

In the cells of the Mitochondria

Electron tTansport Pathway

66
Q

Why is Bicarbonate important?

A

It is a buffer in Blood and keeps Blood pH within normal ranges.

67
Q

What is the normal range of Ph level?

A

7.35-7.45

68
Q

Excess H+ accumulates in the plasma, causing this conditon known as?

A

Respiratory Acidosis

69
Q

What does the Chloride Shioft do at the cells?

A

Chloride replaces HCO3- in the red blood cells

70
Q

What happens to the chloride shift at the lungs?

A

Chloride moves back out at the lungs

71
Q

When Bicarbonate leaves the blood cells on an antiport protein, this transport process is known as ?

A

Chloride Shift

72
Q

___________ is the most important extracellular buffer in the body.

A

Bicarbonate

73
Q

When Co2 leaves its binging site on the Hemoglobin molecule, CO2 binds with free hemoglobin at exposed amino groups forming what?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

74
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?

A

in carotid artery and aortic bodies

75
Q

What are the name of the specialized cells that found in the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Glomus Cells

76
Q

Where and what do Glomus cells sense that can change?

A

In plasma

they sense a change in PO2, H+, & PCO2

77
Q

Central Chemoreceptors are located where?

A

Medulla oblongata

78
Q

What do chemoreceptors help detect?

A

H+ Ions (from CO2)

in Cerebrospinal Fluid

79
Q

Central chemoreceptors monitor what type of gas in the Cerebospinal fluid?

A

CO2

80
Q

what does CO2 immediatley convert to when it enters the Cerebospinal fluid?

A

CO2

81
Q

glomus cells can also dectect very low PO2 ( 60mmHg)

true or false

A

true

82
Q

Minor changes in CO2 & H+ can change what?

A

Ventialtion rate and depth

83
Q

skeletal muscle must be initiated by what?

A

Somatic Motor Neuron

84
Q

In the respiratory systemn, contraction of the diaphragmn and other muscles is initiated by what?

A

Spontaneously firing network of neurons in the brain stem

85
Q

Ventilaton patterns depends on what 3 substances?

A

CO2, O2, & H+

86
Q

What type of gas is the primary stimulus for chmages in Ventilation?

A

CO2

87
Q

A patient with serve lung disease such as COPD typically have?

A

Hypercapnia & Hypoxia

88
Q

When ventilation decreases what gas accumulates i the alveoli and the plasma?

A

CO2

89
Q

What is a major protective reflex that the respiratory tract can do?

A

Bronchoconstriction

(also sneezing and coughing)

90
Q
A

Lecture Exam 5 (5 decks)

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