Chapter 18 Study Guide Flashcards
What is the state of too little Oxygen?
Hypoxia
What is the name when a person has a high concentration of Carbon Dioxide?
Hypercapnia
What gas is a waste product during the Citric Acid Ccyle?
Carbon Dioxide
High levels of CO2 causes a state of what?
Acidosis
Why is it critical in maintaining a pH Homeostasis?
It prevents denaturation of proteins
In the Respiratory System what mechanism can alter pH?
Ventilation
What causes a movement of a molecule from a region of higher concentration to Lower concentration?
Diffusion
When talking about Aveolar gas exchange what gas enters the blood at the Alveolar Capillary Interface?
Oxygen
In Cellular respiration what gas determines the metabolic production?
CO2
When talking about Alveolar gas exchange what gas enters the alveoli at the alveolar capilaary interface?
CO2
If you increase surface area, you will do what to diffusion?
Increase or Dercrease
Increase
If you increase thickness, this does what to diffusion rate?
Increase or Decrease
Decrease
If you increase distance you will do what to diffusion rate?
increase or decrease
decrease
Surface area, over which the gases diffuse is called what?
Diffusion Distance
What is the name when a person has low arterial O2?
Hypoxic
Decreased total amount of O2 bound to Hemoglobin is called what?
Anemic Hypoxia
What is reduced Blood Flow called?
Ishemic Hypoxia
What is it called when a person cells fail to use O2 because the cells have been poisoned?
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Dilation of the bronchoioles by relaxing smooth muscle, it will open up the airway and do what to resistance?
decrease resistance
Constriction of the bronchioles will constrict smooth muscle and this will do what to resistance?
Increase resistance
(making it difficult to breathe)
Altitude is a main factor that affects what?
Atmospheric Oxygen Content
If you increase surface area, you will increase capillary ______, which will increase diffusion.
Density
A diffusion barrier like scar tissue will
speed up or slow down gas exchange?
Slow down
excess fluid can do what to diffusion distance
between the aveloar air space and blood?
increase the diffusion distance
what does pulmonary edema do to
diffusion distance and gas exchange?
increase diffusion distance and will slow gas exchange
gas exchange in the lungs is
fast or slow?
Fast
(RAPID EXCHANGE)
blood flow through pulmonary capillaries moves fast or slow and why?
moves slow
because it reaches equilibrium
what are the 3 thigs that affect diffusion of gases?
- surface area
- diffusion barrier permeability
- diffusion distance
what condition leads to destruction of the Aveoli?
(means less surface area for gas exchange)
Emphysema
what factors contribute to Emphysema which leads to what?
less surface area
loss of elasticity
can’t recoil back
expiration breathing is forced and its labored breathing
what condition leads to accumulationof fluid in the lungs?
Pneumonia
what condition has increased airway resistance but a decreased avleolar ventilation?
Asthma
if gas pressure is higher in the water than in the gaseous phase, the gas molecules will leave or stay i the water?
leave the water
if gas pressure is increased in the gaseous phase than in the water, then the gas will
dissolve in the water or leave the water?
dissolve in the water
what is solubility?
the ability to dissolve in a fluid
what gas is more soluble in water?
O2 or CO2
CO2
In a solution when O2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is
less or more
to equilibrium?
Less
In a solution when CO2 is mixed with H2O the concentration is
less or more
to equilibrium?
More
If you increase temperature you will do this to the gas movement?
increase movement
The amount iof gas moves based on ________ ________ gradient?
partial pressure
_________ pressure is the sumn of all partial pressure of gases that make up this content?
Atmospheric Pressure
What chemicals and measurements make up Atmospheric Air
(Dalton’s Law)
(4 of them)
- N2 = 597mmHg
- O2 = 159mmHg
- CO2 = 0.3mmHg
- H2O = 3.7mmHg
totaling 760mmHg
What gas diffuses across the Aveolar Epithelial cells and Capillaries Endothelial cells to enter the plasma?
Oxygen
What keeps O2 levels low in red blood cells
Oxygen
when O2 binds to hemoglobin, it is no longer free oxygen
The attraction between a protein and a ligand is called what?
Affinity
What is the name when unbinding of a protein and ligand?
Dissociation
When hemoglobin binds to oxygen what is the name that is forms?
Oxyhemoglobin
Name the protein that binds oxygen to the red blood cells?
oxyhemoglobin
What percent of oxygen is attached to hemoglobin?
98% attaches to Hemoglobin
Where is the Hemoglobin located?
Plasma
How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?
4 Oxygen molecules
At the working cells i the cellular respiration when hemoglobin an doxygen come together what is the goal?
Decreases Affintiy
decrease dissociation
decrease saturation
When O2 is transported into the blood what is the goal?
increase affinity
decrease dissociation
increase saturation
what type of mechanism controls increase affinty, decrease dissociation, increased saturation?
Local Control
What can alter O2 binding affinity?
Changes in
Ph, plasma, temperature, & PCO2
Changes in binding affinity are reflected by change in shape of what?
HbO2 Saturation Curve
decrease ph, increase temperatures, increase PCO2
what will happen to the affinity of the hemoglobin for O2
increase or decrease?
Decrease
What 5 Factors affecting HB-O2 bond?
- ph
- temperature
- PCO2
- PO2
- 2,3, DPG
lactic acid can alter pH
true or false?
true
Carbon Dioxide transport in erythrocytes is converted to what Ion?
Bicarbonate Ion
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the rapid production of HCO3-?
Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
Dissolved CO2 in the Plasma diffuses into the Red Blood Cells where it can react with water in the presence of this enzyme?
Carbonic Anhydrase
what enzyme helps form a H+ ion and a bicarbonate Ion?
( CO2 + H2O —CA—-> H+ + HCO3- )
carbonic anhydrase
When Hemoglobin and CO2 come together they form what?
Carbaminohemoglobin
What energy pathway and where in the cells is CO2 Preoduced?
In the cells of the Mitochondria
Electron tTansport Pathway
Why is Bicarbonate important?
It is a buffer in Blood and keeps Blood pH within normal ranges.
What is the normal range of Ph level?
7.35-7.45
Excess H+ accumulates in the plasma, causing this conditon known as?
Respiratory Acidosis
What does the Chloride Shioft do at the cells?
Chloride replaces HCO3- in the red blood cells
What happens to the chloride shift at the lungs?
Chloride moves back out at the lungs
When Bicarbonate leaves the blood cells on an antiport protein, this transport process is known as ?
Chloride Shift
___________ is the most important extracellular buffer in the body.
Bicarbonate
When Co2 leaves its binging site on the Hemoglobin molecule, CO2 binds with free hemoglobin at exposed amino groups forming what?
Carbaminohemoglobin
Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where?
in carotid artery and aortic bodies
What are the name of the specialized cells that found in the peripheral chemoreceptors?
Glomus Cells
Where and what do Glomus cells sense that can change?
In plasma
they sense a change in PO2, H+, & PCO2
Central Chemoreceptors are located where?
Medulla oblongata
What do chemoreceptors help detect?
H+ Ions (from CO2)
in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Central chemoreceptors monitor what type of gas in the Cerebospinal fluid?
CO2
what does CO2 immediatley convert to when it enters the Cerebospinal fluid?
CO2
glomus cells can also dectect very low PO2 ( 60mmHg)
true or false
true
Minor changes in CO2 & H+ can change what?
Ventialtion rate and depth
skeletal muscle must be initiated by what?
Somatic Motor Neuron
In the respiratory systemn, contraction of the diaphragmn and other muscles is initiated by what?
Spontaneously firing network of neurons in the brain stem
Ventilaton patterns depends on what 3 substances?
CO2, O2, & H+
What type of gas is the primary stimulus for chmages in Ventilation?
CO2
A patient with serve lung disease such as COPD typically have?
Hypercapnia & Hypoxia
When ventilation decreases what gas accumulates i the alveoli and the plasma?
CO2
What is a major protective reflex that the respiratory tract can do?
Bronchoconstriction
(also sneezing and coughing)
