Chapter 17 Study Guide Flashcards
What are the 4 Functions of the Respiratory System?
- Exchange of gases between the Atmosphere and the Blood
- Homeostatic regulation of Body pH
- Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
- Vocalization (speech,singing)
What is Vocalization mean?
Air moving across the vocal chords
creating vibrations for speech,singing,
& other forms of communication
Gases use a _____ _______ that flow from higher to lower pressure during movement?
Pressure Gradient
Bronichiole diameter of tubes in the airway effect movement by giving what?
Resistance to Flow
Which energy pathway uses oxygen during ATP production?
Electron Transport System
Which Energy Pathway produces CO2 during ATP Production?
Citric Acid Cycle
Homeostatic Regulation of Body pH is refered to as?
THe lungs can alter body Ph by selectively retaining or excreting CO2
What happens a the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and Blood?
The Body brings in O2 for distribution to the tissues
and elimates CO2 waste produced by metabolism
What is called when you have an exchange of air between the atmosphere and the Lungs?
Ventilation
What are the Mechanics of Ventilatioin called?
Breathing
This refers to the intracellular reaction of Oxygen with organic molecules to produce CO2, H2O, & Engery in the form of ATP
Cellular Respiration
All are the Stimuli for Altering the Rate of Ventilation, EXCEPT?
(Which one)
- Increased CO2
- Increased Osmolarity
- Decreased Oxygen
- Decreased pH
- Increased Osmolarity
This Enzyme Catalyes the conversion of
CO2 + H2O To H2CO3
(which one)
- Carbonic Anhydrase
- Carbonic ATPase
- Dioxidase
- Hydrophosphilatase
- Carbonic Anhydrase
Increasing the amount of Carbon Dioxide will ___ the Ph of Body fluids?
(which one)
- Decrease
- Increase
- Have no effect on
- Decrease
Lowering the pH by accumulation of CO2 leads to this state?
Respiratory Acidosis
What Pump also creates a pressure gradient?
Muscular Pump
Resistance to Air Flow is Influenced Primarily by what?
The Diameter of the tubes in the airway
Gas Exchange at the Lungs, as well, at the working tissues and Breathing and the movement of gases through the Bloodstream is referred to as what?
External Respiration
External respiration can be subdivided into 4 groups, what are they?
- Ventilation (breathing)
- Exhange of Gases (O2 & CO2 between Lungs & Blood)
- Transport of O2 & CO2 by Blood
- The exchange of gases between Blood & the Cells
Blood—-> Alveoli
Blood—–> tissues
Gas _____ is from the Lungs to the working Cells?
Transport
Gas ______ is into or out of the Blood
Blood—->Alveoli
Blood….> Tissues
Exchange
What gas comes into the Lungs and at the alveoli it will enter the Blood
at the levels of Tissues it will leave the Blood and go into the Cells?
Oxygen
What gas leaves the blood and enters the lungs so you can breathe it out?
Carbon Dioxide
What bones and muscles assit in Ventilation?
Thorax (chest cavity) InnerCostals
abdomen
Bronchile is covered with what type of muscle?
Smooth Muscle Cells
What does the conducting system do to the air we inhale?
warms & moisturizes
This Alveolar Cell Type is where gas exchange occurs?
Type 1
This Aveolar Cell Type Creates a surfactant that decreases surface tension & increased complaince?
Type 11
In branching in the airways what makes up the conducting System?
The Trachea, Primary Bonchi, Smaller Bronchi, Bronchioles
In branching in the airways what makes up the Exchange Surface?
Respiratory, Bronicholes, Alveoli
What is the Aveoli covered in?
Capillaries
Type 1 Alveolar Cells are responsible for what?
Gas Exchange
Type 2 Alveolar Cells are responsible for what?
Surfactant Production & Secretion onto the inner surface of alveolus
If surfactant decreases what will happen to the Surface Tension?
It will increase compilance
This Alveolar structure removes pathogens, toxins, and debris?
Alveolar Macrophages
This Law states total pressure of mixture of gases is the sum of pressure of individual gases
Dalton’s Law
The gases own individual pressure is called _____ ______?
(part of a whole)
Partial Pressure
What do Alveolar Macrophages do?
Remove pathogens, toxins, and debris
The airways have a layer of smooth muscle intheir walls, which enables then to do what?
Constrict or Dilate
In response to pollutants presence in the airways, this will do what to the airways?
Constrict
(minimize their entry to the Lungs)
A demand for air, such as during excerise, this does that to the airways?
Dilate
(Increase Air Flow)
What is the Larynx, Trachea, & Bronchial Tree lined with what cell?
Ciliated Columar Epithelium
What do Ciliated Columnar Epithelium cells do?
Produce mucus & functions as Mucociliary Escaltor
What is the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of pressures of individual gases is what Law?
Dalton’s Law
Each gas has its own individual pressure that we refer to it as?
Partial pressure
Gases single or a mixture move from a higer pressure to a lower pressure by what Law?
Dalton’s Law
If the volume of a container of gas changes, the pressure of the gas wukk change in an inverse manner, what law does this refer to?
Dalton’s Law
What law expresses this inverse relationship between pressure and volume?
Boyle’s Law
If you have an increase in volume and decrease in Pressure what Law does this refer to?
Boyle’s Law
If you have a decrease in Volume and a increase in Pressure what Law does this refer to?
Boyle’s Law
What type of muscle is the diaphragm made up of?
Skeletal Muscle Cells
What is a single respirtatory cycle consist of?
an inspiration followed by an expiration
What device is used for a repsiratory function test?
Spirometer
(measures volume of air moved w/ each breath)
What 4 Lung Volumes are involved in air moved during breathing?
- Tidal Volume
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- Expiratory Reserve Volume
- Residual Volume
What are a few things that can considerably vary with Lung Volume?
Age, Sex, Height, & Weight
The Volume of air that moves furing asingle inspiration or expiration is known as?
Tidal Volume
(Quiet Breathing)
The additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume presents what volume?
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of normal expiration is referred to as what volume?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
What refers to the volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhaltion?
Risidual Volume
What are the Primary Muscles used in Quiet Breathing?
Diaphragm, External innercostals, & scalenes
What muscles are used in force breathing?
The Chest, innercostals, abdomen
Foer air to move into the alveoli pressure inside the lungs must become higher or lower than atmosphere pressure?
Lower
What happens during quiet breathing to the elastic recoil of the arterial membranes?
decrease volume of lungs (alveolar)
increase Alveolar pressure
Fibrotic Lung Disease and inadequate surfactant production refer to?
Low complaince
restrictive Lung Disease
Bronchoconstriction is mediated by what part of the ANS Branch?
Parasympathetic Neurons with muscarinic receptors
or by histamine or leukotrinces
Bronchodilation is mediated how?
CO2, Epinephrine ( beta 2 adrenergic receptors)
What condition causes a collapsed lung that is unable to function normally?
Pneumothorax
what is the name for when a person has increase alveolar PO2 & decrease alveolar PCO2
Hyperventilation
What is the name for when a person has decrease alveolar PO2 and increased alveolar PCO2?
Hypoventilation
The velocity of Air Flow is greatest where?
Uppper Airways
The velocity of Air Flow is the slowest where?
Termianl Bronchioles
An increase in PCO2 of expired air causes the bronchioles to constrict or dilate?
Dilate
A decrease in PCO2 of expired air causes bronchioles to constrict or dilate?
constrict
The resistance of Pulmonary arterioles to Blood Flow is regulated primarily by what?
the oxygen content of the interstitial fluid around the arterioles
The constriction of the Pulmonary Arterioles is the responseto what?
Low PO2
In the systemic circulation a decrease in PO2 of the tissues will cause arterioles to constrict or dilate?
Dilate
(deliver more O2 carrying blood to those tissues)
Local control mechanisms are not effective regulators of what?
Air and Blood Flow
Will arterioles adjust to match ventilation
true or false?
True
What cells produce mucus?
Globet cells
what has several layers of elastic connective tissue and numerous capillaries?
Pleural membrane
Layers of Pleural membrane are held together by a thin film called what?
Pleural Fluid
What demostrates this kind of relationship when you have a close association of the alveoli with an extensive network of capillaries that link the Respiratory and Cardio Vascular System?
Alveolar-Capillary relationship
(Type 1 or Type 2) alveolar Cells have cuboidal cells secreting a surfactant?
Type 2 Alveolar Cells
Type 1 or Type 2 Alveolar Cells
have thin squamous cells which allow for rapid gas diffusion
Type 1 Alveolar Cells
The Alveoli also house a large number of ______, ready to engulf any invated particles
Macrophages
What is the Alveolar-Capillary relationship?
Moves gases into and out of the blood
The primary place where gas exchange occurs is at the ______.
Alveoli
These cells in the respiratory system are a major target of covid-19?
Type 1 Alveolar Cells
The main muscle of ventilation is the ______
diaphragm
The diaphragm is considered skeletal muscle, so it is innervated by _________ neurons?
somatic motor neurons
The abilty for a tissue to stretch is called?
Compliance
The abilty to return form a stretch is called?
Elasticity
What are the 3 Gas Laws that pertain to respiration?
- Air flows higher to lower
- presure increases/ volume decreases
- volume increases when temps increase
Tissues that stretch easily has ______ ________.
High Compliance
Tissues that require morte force to stretch has a _____ _________.
low compliance
Positive or Negative
pressure keeps lung inflated in the pleural cavity?
negative
This is achieved by rythimically changing the volume of the thoracic cavity?
Pulmonary Ventilation
What causes resistance to Air Flow?
(5 total)
- Length
- viscosity
- diameter
- upper airways
- bronchioles
An increase in CO2 will lead to a/an (increase or decrease)
of hydrogen ions (ph)
increase——-> acidic
a decrease in CO2 will lead to a/an (increase or decrease) of hydrogen ions (ph)?
decrease———> alkaline
an increase or decrease of oxygen will have what effect oh PH?
No effect
What happens when a secretion at the airways
is constricted or obstructed
CO2 accumulates
no O2 enters the blood
CO2 reaches equilibrium
increase CO2 blood
decrease O2 blood
mixes with low CO2
increase O2 in blood
affects CO2 pickup thoughout the body
Arterioles will adjust to match ventilation
(constrict/Dilate) _________in low ventilation areas?
vasoconstriction
Arterioles will adjust to match ventilation
(constrict/dilate)________ in high ventilation areas?
Vasodilation
