Homeostasis and Transport Flashcards
homeostasis
stable, internal environment
passive transport
requires no energy and transports from high to low concentration (down the C.G)
simple diffusion
the movement of a molecule through a membrane from an area of high to low concentration
concentration gradient
difference of concentration between two areas
equilibrium
where the concentration gradient is equal on both sides (does not stop movement)
osmosis
diffusion of H2O through specific protein channels/aquaporin
hypertonic
when one side of a membrane has a higher concentration of solute compound to the other side
hypotonic
when one side of a membrane has a lower concentration of solute compared to the other side
isotonic
when the solute concentration are equal across the membrane
water always travels to the ______ side
hypertonic
animal/plant cell in a hypotonic solution (what happens)
animal cell: lysed/cytolosis
plant cell: turgor pressure/high turgidity, and no space between cell wall & membrane
cytolysis/lysed
animal cell, cell bursting due to too much water (extreme HYPERTONIC environments)
turgor pressure
in plant cell, when the vacuole fills and pressure is put up to the cell wall (makes cells rigid)
animal/plant cell in an isotonic solution (what happens)
water going both in and out of cell
plant cell: normal distance between cell wall and cell membrane
animal/plant cell in an hypertonic solution (what happens)
animal cell: shriveled
plant cell: cell membrane takes shape of deformed central vacuole, plasmolysis
plasmolysis
in plant cells, when the cell membrane shrinks away from the cell wall (hypertonic environment)
facilitated diffusion
diffusion with the help of proteins (carrier proteins)
why the need for a carrier protein?
size (polysaccharides, amino acids are TOO BIG)
polarity (has to be NON POLAR)
diffusion through ION channels
more picky facilitated diffusion (ions are polar, they have to be non-polar)
still a carrier protein
active transport
energy is required (ATP form the mitochondria, against the concentration gradient)
NaoKin
sodium (Na) goes out (o) and potassium (K) goes inside (in)
describe the process of cell membrane pumps
cell membrane pumps take 3 sodium molecules from the cytoplasm. it binds a phosphate from the ATP to change its shape to allow the sodium to get to the outside of the cell. it then takes two potassium elements into the same pump from the outside, and pumps it into the cytoplasm, releasing the phosphate form the ATP.
endocytosis
the taking in of matter by a living cell by engulfing them in a vesicle from the outside of the cell
phagocytosis
cell eating, brings in LARGER particles
pinocytosis
cell drinking, brings in large particles
exocystosis
vesicle fuses with the membrane to get rid of large waste (does not matter of liquid)
thermalregulation essay
Thermalregulation is the process of maintaining a body tenperaturenof 37C. When there is a decrease in body temperature, blood moves through the brain to indicate a change in temperature. Then, the hypothalamus sends a signal to close blood vessels and muscles to shiver. Shivering generates heat to increase body temperature. When the body has an increase in temperature, the hypothamlamus sends a signal to open blood vessels to sweat, reducing the heat so our body temperature lowers.
osmoregulation essay
Osmoregulation is a process to maintain balance of water and salt in the body. Regardless of low levels or high levels of water, the body’s blood vessels first sense change in water concentration. If it has low levels of water, the hypothalamous tells kidneys to reabsorb water which causes yellow urine. The hypothalamous then makes our mouths dry so we drink water and thereby increasing our water level. If our body has high levels or water, the hypothalamous tells kidneys to absorb less water which causes a full bladder. A full bladder causes pain, therefore we pee and our water levels decrease.
Blood glucose (sugar) essay
Our body regulates glucose/sugar in our body. If our glucose level is low, our pancreas releases glucagon. The liver then breaks down glycogen into gluclose and our sugar levels increase. If our gluecose level is too high, the pancreas releases insilin. The liver then responds by storing glucose as glycogen, decreasing our glucose level.
gas exchange essay
Gas exchange is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in our bodies when we breathe. If our body is recieving too much O2, our body moves air in faster through means like heavy breathing. O2 uses passive transport to cross alveolous into blood. And then the O2 concentration in our blood increases.