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Biology H > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biogenesis

A

life gives rise to life

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2
Q

spontaneous generation

A

life can grow from nonliving things

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3
Q

what did Redi’s Experiment disprove?

A

spontaneous generation of larger macromolecules

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4
Q

what did Spallanzani’s Experiment disprove?

A

disproved spontaneous generation of microbes

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5
Q

what did Pasteur’s Experiment disprove?

A

disproved spontaneous generation at the microbe level

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6
Q

formation of Earth

A

cosmic debris collided (4.6 billion years)

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7
Q

Earth’s age

A

4.2 billion - earth cooled enough for solid rock to form

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8
Q

Radioactive (Radiometric) Dating

A

the time required for 1/2 of a sample to decoy (half life)

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9
Q

what were the first prokaryotes and what did they evolve into? (anaerobic or aerobic, prokaryote or eukaryotic, auto or heterotroph)

A
  1. anaerobic, prokaryote, heterotroph
  2. anaerobic, prokaryote, autotroph
  3. aerobic, prokaryote, autotroph
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10
Q

chemosynthesis

A

the process of creating organic molecules, used for energy from inorganic chemicals

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11
Q

fossil

A

evidence to the existence of an organism

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12
Q

trace fossils

A

bike tracks, footsteps; temporary

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13
Q

imprint fossils

A

in sedimentary rock, photograph looking; shallow impression

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14
Q

mold fossil

A

deep impression; foot in concrete

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15
Q

cast fossil

A

replica of organism that creates a mold fossil

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16
Q

petrified fossil

A

takes shape of object replaced, turned to stone

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17
Q

amber

A

dried sap, preserves organisms

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18
Q

law of superposition

A

relative dating; oldest fossils at bottom, youngest fossils at top

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19
Q

lamark’s explanation

A

first to mention organisms change over time
proposed “acquired traits” something that happens to someone during lifetime is passed down
proposed “use and disuse”
proved incorrect

20
Q

darwin’s theories

A

genes mix among sexually reproducing organisms
changes can occur by chance, by transfer, or natural selection

21
Q

adaptation

A

an inherited trait which can increase the chance of survival

22
Q

fitness

A

the ability to respond to the pressure of natural selection

23
Q

what evidence is there to support evolution?

A

homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigal structures, embryotic development, and similarities in macromolecules

24
Q

homologous structures

A

same structure, different function (different animals having the same structure)

25
Q

analogous structures

A

different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)

26
Q

analogous structures

A

different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)

27
Q

vestigal structures

A

no longer used in current organisms, used in ancestors

28
Q

similarities in macromolecules

A

common genes, proteins between different species
more common genes = close common ancestor

29
Q

coevolution

A

two species change in response to each other

30
Q

convergent

A

the environment can cause similarities among organisms that live there (does not mean they become one species)

31
Q

divergent

A

changes to environment/mutations cause species to become distinct species form each other

32
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a type of microevolution that brings changes with a certain population

33
Q

artificial selection

A

mates are selected for particular traits and cause those traits to be selected for by the environment

34
Q

gene pool

A

represent all of the genes/alleles available in a population

35
Q

in order to maintain genetic equilibrium, what rules must be followed?

A

large population, random mating, no emigration or immigration, no mutations, and no natural selection

36
Q

3 types of natural selection?

A

directional, stabilizing, disruptive

37
Q

population bottleneck

A

when a large population drops in size and then rebuilds itself to its original size (originally the population was diverse, however after rebuilding it lacks diversity)

38
Q

founder effect

A

when a small group relocates away from the larger population

39
Q

genetic drift

A

random allele changes due to chance

40
Q

speciation

A

creation of a new species

41
Q

prezygotic mechanisms

A

geographical, seasonal/temperal, ecological, behavioral, structural

42
Q

postzygotic mechanisms

A

hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, hybrid break down

43
Q

hybrid infertility

A

prevents blending of a species

44
Q

hybrid inviability

A

two organisms create a zygote, but it doesn’t form

45
Q

hybrid break down

A

will slowly end the pedigree

Biology H (12 decks)

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