Evolution Flashcards
biogenesis
life gives rise to life
spontaneous generation
life can grow from nonliving things
what did Redi’s Experiment disprove?
spontaneous generation of larger macromolecules
what did Spallanzani’s Experiment disprove?
disproved spontaneous generation of microbes
what did Pasteur’s Experiment disprove?
disproved spontaneous generation at the microbe level
formation of Earth
cosmic debris collided (4.6 billion years)
Earth’s age
4.2 billion - earth cooled enough for solid rock to form
Radioactive (Radiometric) Dating
the time required for 1/2 of a sample to decoy (half life)
what were the first prokaryotes and what did they evolve into? (anaerobic or aerobic, prokaryote or eukaryotic, auto or heterotroph)
- anaerobic, prokaryote, heterotroph
- anaerobic, prokaryote, autotroph
- aerobic, prokaryote, autotroph
chemosynthesis
the process of creating organic molecules, used for energy from inorganic chemicals
fossil
evidence to the existence of an organism
trace fossils
bike tracks, footsteps; temporary
imprint fossils
in sedimentary rock, photograph looking; shallow impression
mold fossil
deep impression; foot in concrete
cast fossil
replica of organism that creates a mold fossil
petrified fossil
takes shape of object replaced, turned to stone
amber
dried sap, preserves organisms
law of superposition
relative dating; oldest fossils at bottom, youngest fossils at top
lamark’s explanation
first to mention organisms change over time
proposed “acquired traits” something that happens to someone during lifetime is passed down
proposed “use and disuse”
proved incorrect
darwin’s theories
genes mix among sexually reproducing organisms
changes can occur by chance, by transfer, or natural selection
adaptation
an inherited trait which can increase the chance of survival
fitness
the ability to respond to the pressure of natural selection
what evidence is there to support evolution?
homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigal structures, embryotic development, and similarities in macromolecules
homologous structures
same structure, different function (different animals having the same structure)
analogous structures
different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)
analogous structures
different structure, similar function (bat and bird wings both fly, but are different)
vestigal structures
no longer used in current organisms, used in ancestors
similarities in macromolecules
common genes, proteins between different species
more common genes = close common ancestor
coevolution
two species change in response to each other
convergent
the environment can cause similarities among organisms that live there (does not mean they become one species)
divergent
changes to environment/mutations cause species to become distinct species form each other
adaptive radiation
a type of microevolution that brings changes with a certain population
artificial selection
mates are selected for particular traits and cause those traits to be selected for by the environment
gene pool
represent all of the genes/alleles available in a population
in order to maintain genetic equilibrium, what rules must be followed?
large population, random mating, no emigration or immigration, no mutations, and no natural selection
3 types of natural selection?
directional, stabilizing, disruptive
population bottleneck
when a large population drops in size and then rebuilds itself to its original size (originally the population was diverse, however after rebuilding it lacks diversity)
founder effect
when a small group relocates away from the larger population
genetic drift
random allele changes due to chance
speciation
creation of a new species
prezygotic mechanisms
geographical, seasonal/temperal, ecological, behavioral, structural
postzygotic mechanisms
hybrid infertility, hybrid inviability, hybrid break down
hybrid infertility
prevents blending of a species
hybrid inviability
two organisms create a zygote, but it doesn’t form
hybrid break down
will slowly end the pedigree
