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Biology GCSE > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Brain 🧠
Spinal cord 🦴

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2
Q

Order of reactions

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Coordinator
Effector
Response

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3
Q

Order of a reflex reaction

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
Effector
Response

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4
Q

What is reaction time

A

The time taken to react to a stimulus

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5
Q

What can reaction time be affected by

A

Alcohol
Drugs
Fatigue
Distraction
Age
Sex
Stimulus type

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6
Q

What do receptors detect

A

Changes in the environment (stimuli)

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7
Q

Neurons transmit…from receptors to CNS

A

…electrical impulse…

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8
Q

What does the CNS do

A

Coordinates a response

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9
Q

What do effectors do

A

Bring about a response (muscles/glands)

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10
Q

Reflex actions

A

A fast and automatic response. Often stop us from getting hurt
The relay neuron is either in the unconscious brain 🧠 or spinal cord 🦴

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11
Q

What is a synapse

A

A gap between 2 neurons

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12
Q

What happens when an electrical impulse gets to a synapse

A

Triggers the release of a chemical messenger which diffuses across the gap and binds to the neurons. This then triggers a new electrical impulse.

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13
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The regulation of the conditions inside your body to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to changes in internal and external conditions.

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14
Q

What conditions are regulated inside the body

A

Temperature
Blood sugar/glucose levels
Blood water content

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15
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A series of glands around the body

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16
Q

What are glands

A

Specialised organs that produce hormones to react to a change in the body’s environment

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17
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target organs

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18
Q

What does the pituitary gland (master gland) do

A

Produces hormones that regulate body conditions and stimulates other glands to produce different hormones

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19
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Regulates basal metabolic rate and stimulates growth and development
Thyroxine

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20
Q

What does the adrenal gland do

A

Prepares the body for “fight 🥊 or fight ✈️” responses by increasing delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles
Adrenaline

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21
Q

What does the pancreas gland do

A

Helps to lower/increase blood glucose levels
Insulin/glucagon

22
Q

What do the ovary glands do

A

Control the menstrual cycle
Oestrogen

23
Q

What do the testes glands do

A

Control puberty and sperm production
Testosterone

24
Q

How do you test for diabetes

A

Urine tested with Benedict’s regent
If inconclusive a blood test is more reliable since it’s accurate to the time and glucose concentration

25
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreas fails to produce enough insulin

26
Q

What causes type 2 diabetes

A

Body cells no longer respond to insulin

27
Q

What age are you more likely to have type 1 diabetes

A

Early age

28
Q

What age are you more likely to get type 2 diabetes

A

Later in life

29
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A

Weight loss
Exhaustion
Constant urination

30
Q

Treatments for type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections

31
Q

Treatments of type 2 diabetes

A

Carb controlled diet
Exercise

32
Q

Risk factors for type 1 diabetes

A

Genetic

33
Q

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

Lifestyle

34
Q

High glucose levels

A

Receptors in the pancreas detect the high blood levels
The pancreases secretes insulin into then blood
Cells in the muscles and liver detect the insulin
They take glucose out of the blood and store it as glycogen

35
Q

Low glucose levels

A

Receptors in the pancreas detect low glucose levels
The pancreas secretes glucagon
Cells in the muscles and liver detect the glucagon
They convert the glycogen inside their cells into glucose and release it into the blood

36
Q

What would happen if glucose levels got too high

A

Water could move out of the blood cells due to osmosis

37
Q

What would happen if glucose levels got too low

A

There wouldn’t be enough for sufficient respiration

38
Q

First step in the menstrual cycle

A

Days 1-4
Menstruation - uterus lining breaks down

39
Q

Second step in the menstrual cycle

A

Days 4-14
Uterus lining builds back up to receive a fertilised egg

40
Q

Third step in the menstrual cycle

A

Day 14
Ovulation - egg released from ovaries

41
Q

Forth step in the menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining maintained, if no fertilised egg is implanted, the lining breaks down again

42
Q

FSH

A

Produced in the pituitary gland
Matures egg
Stimulates production of oestrogen

43
Q

Oestrogen

A

Produced in the ovaries
Inhibits production of FSH
Builds up uterus lining
Stimulates production of LH

44
Q

LH

A

Produced in the pituitary gland
Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates production of progesterone

45
Q

Progesterone

A

Produced in the ovaries (follicle)
Inhibits the production of LH and FSH
Maintains uterus lining

46
Q

Steps of IVF

A
  1. The woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate egg
    maturation and release
  2. Eggs are harvested from the ovaries
  3. Sperm are collected from the man
  4. Eggs and sperm are mixed to allow fertilisation
  5. An embryo is developed in the lab
  6. Embryos are implanted back into the uterus
47
Q

Advantages of IVF

A

Couples can be helped to conceive
Can genetically screen the embryo to check for genetic disorders

48
Q

Disadvantages of IVF

A

Ethically questionable for unused embryos to be destroyed
Increased pregnancies (twins/triplets) which causes more danger to the mother and babies
Expensive
40% chance for working
Stressful

49
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

Where the foetus develops outside the uterus e.g. the fallopian tube’s

50
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

Responds when internal conditions change from the ideal point and returns the conditions to normal

51
Q

What dues thyroxine control

A

The speed oxygen and food products react to release energy

52
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Increased heart rate
Increases breathing rate
Increased delivery for oxygen and glucose to brain 🧠 and muscles 💪 for increased respiration
Diverts blood away from areas, such as the digestive system, towards the muscles
( not a negative feedback )

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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