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Biology GCSE > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells are…

A

…large, complex organisms
(Plant and animal cells)

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2
Q

What organelles do plant cells have

A

Cells wall
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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3
Q

What organelles do animal cells have

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells are…

A

…non-complex organisms
(Bacteria)

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5
Q

What organelles are in bacteria cells

A

Ribosomes
Loose chromosomal DNA
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Plasmid DNA
Cell membrane
Flagellum

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6
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A

Controls the cell and stores DNA

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7
Q

Functions of the cytoplasm

A

Carry out chemical reactions and hold organelles in place

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8
Q

Functions of the ribosomes

A

Carry out protein synthesis

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9
Q

Functions of the chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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10
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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11
Q

Functions of the cell wall

A

Supports and protects the cell

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12
Q

Functions of the vacuole

A

Stores sugars/water and salt. Turgid shape

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13
Q

Functions of the mitochondria

A

Carry out respiration which releases energy

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14
Q

What is DNA

A

The molecule in the cell that stores genetic information

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15
Q

What is a gene

A

A short section of DNA found in a chromosome that controls the development of 1 characteristic

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16
Q

What is a chromosome

A

A long strand of DNA that contains many genes

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17
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in 1 cell

A

23
Except red blood cells and sperm/egg cells where the pairs are separated

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18
Q

What chromosomes do men have

A

X and Y

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19
Q

What chromosomes do women have

A

X

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20
Q

Equation for mitosis stage length

A

Length of stage = number of cells in stage (divided by) total number of cells
X length of cell cycle

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21
Q

Stage 1 mitosis

A
  1. The cell grows, producing more mitochondria and ribosomes
  2. The DNA replicates (interphase)
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22
Q

Stage 2 mitosis

A
  1. The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
  2. They get pulled to opposite sides of the cell
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23
Q

Stage 3 mitosis

A
  1. The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide (cytokinesis)
  2. Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced
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24
Q

What substances are diffused through cells

A

Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Oxygen
Amino acids

25
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

26
Q

What factors is diffusion affected by

A

Surface area
Concentration gradient
Temperature
(Not energy - passive process)

27
Q

Large surface area…

A

…increases space available for exchange

28
Q

Large blood supply…

A

…maintains steep concentration gradient

29
Q

Thin walls…

A

…short diffusion pathway/distance

30
Q

Equilibrium meaning

A

No net movement, equal concentration

31
Q

Isotonic meaning

A

Same concentration of solute as inside the cell

32
Q

Hypertonic meaning

A

Higher concentration of solutes inside the cell
(Shrinks/shrivels)
(Plants plasmolysis)

33
Q

Hypotonic meaning

A

Lower concentration of solute inside the cell
(Expands/bursts)
(Plants become rigid)

34
Q

Osmosis definition

A

The diffusion of water particles from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

35
Q

Is energy required for osmosis

A

No it’s a passive process

36
Q

Definition of active transport

A

When molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient

37
Q

What does active transport require

A

Energy
Protein carrier molecule

38
Q

What factors affect active transport

A

Temperature
Surface area
Oxygen availability (respiration)

39
Q

What do root hair cells absorb through active transport

A

Mineral ions

40
Q

What do villi absorb through active transport

A

Glucose

41
Q

What do you use to place a cell on a microscope slide

A

Forceps

42
Q

What do you stain microscope slides with

A

Iodine

43
Q

Which objective lens do you start with on a microscope

A

Lowest magnification

44
Q

What does the course focus wheel do on a microscope

A

Raises the stage

45
Q

What does the glass slide do on a microscope

A

Prevents the specimen from dying out

46
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

I =AM
I - image size (mm)
A - actual size (um)
M - magnification

47
Q

How do you convert from mm to um

A

Multiply by 1000

48
Q

What does the head of a sperm call contain

A

Genetic material

49
Q

What does the acromosome in a sperm call contain

A

Enzymes to penetrate an egg

50
Q

What is the middle piece of a sperm full of

A

Mitochondria for energy

51
Q

Why does a nerve cell have branches (dendrites)

A

To communicate with other nerve cells, muscles and glands

52
Q

Why is the nerve cel covered in a fatty sheath

A

Insulates
Speeds up nerve impulse

53
Q

Why does a root hair cell have a large surface area

A

For fast osmosis with more contact to the soil water

54
Q

What to muscle cells contain that allow contraction

A

Filaments of protein that can Slide over each other

55
Q

Why do phloem cells have companion cells

A

Because they have no mitochondria so use the mitochondria in the companion cells for energy

56
Q

What are xylem cell walls thicken with

A

Lignin

57
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that have not yet become specialised cells

58
Q

What can bone marrow stem cells differentiate into

A

Blood and immune system cells

59
Q

Where does cell division in plants occur

A

The meristems

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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