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Bio IB > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the ability of the body to seek and maintain equilibrium and maintain conditions optimal for survival

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2
Q

what are examples of internal conditions which are monitored in body

A

body temp, PH, glucose concentration, osmotic concentration

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3
Q

positive feedback

A

a mechanism by which a system responds to changes in its internal or external environment by amplifying the direction of change, often leading to a increase of events

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4
Q

negative feedback

A

A mechanism by which a system responds to changes in its internal or external environment by reversing the direction of the change, thereby maintaining homeostasis.

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5
Q

exocrine tissue

A

The system for secreting substances through ducts onto surfaces of the body. Examples are sweat and digestive enzymes.

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6
Q

endocrine tissue

A

The system for secreting hormones from glands into the blood. These hormones help control body functions.

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7
Q

what are islets of Langerhans

A

Clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones insulin and glucagon.
pancreatic endocrine cells

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8
Q

insulin importance and secretion for regulation of glucose

A

Insulin is produced and secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to rising blood glucose levels. It stimulates glucose uptake from the blood into the cells.

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9
Q

what causes hyperglacemia

A

Insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin will result in high levels of blood glucose. Continued high blood glucose concentration

hormonal disorder that causes hyperglycaemia is called diabetes.

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9
Q

what happens when the blood glucose level rises above the normal range

A
  • Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans release insulin into the bloodstream.
    -Insulin promotes (mainly) cells of the liver, muscles and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood to decrease the blood glucose level. The glucose is stored as glycogen in the cells of muscle and liver, or as fat in the cells of fat tissue, for later use.
    -As the blood glucose levels decrease, the secretion of insulin also decreases.
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10
Q

glucagon importance and secretion for regulation of glucose

A

Glucagon is produced and secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in response to decreasing glucose levels. It stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.

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11
Q

what happens when If the blood glucose level falls below the normal range

A

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans release glucagon into the bloodstream.
-Glucagon promotes (mainly) the cells of liver and fat tissue to break down glycogen and lipids and release the glucose into the blood until the level of blood glucose increases to the normal range.
-As the blood glucose levels increase, the secretion of glucagon also decreases.

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12
Q

what happens to individuals with diabetes

A

cells cannot obtain enough glucose from the blood. Cells start to burn the body’s supply of fats and proteins. Since the digestive system continues to absorb glucose, the glucose concentration in the blood can become extremely high.
The kidneys start filtering excess glucose from the blood. Kidneys also draw water from blood to dilute the urine which causes dehydration of the body. The person becomes unusually and continually thirsty

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13
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent or early onset diabetes
unable to produce insulin. Insufficient insulin production leads to chronically elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream – hyperglycaemia.

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14
Q

how to treat type 1 diabetes

A

no known cure, must manage their blood glucose levels through a combination of insulin therapy, dietary modifications and regular exercise.

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15
Q

what are risk factors of type 1 diabetes

A

family history, age (younger), race, poor nutrition

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16
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

feeling more thirsty
unirantion increase
very hungry
blurred vision
weight loss
tired

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17
Q

related health problems of type 1 diabetes

A

loss of eye sights
foot problems
heart disease
high blood pressure
kidney disease
stroke
nerve damage

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18
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin-independent or late-onset diabetes
insulin is produced and secreted into the blood, cells are insensitive to insulin and they are said to be ‘insulin resistant’
pancreatic beta cells start to produce more insulin and become exhausted.

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19
Q

how to improve type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes can be reversed by moderate weight loss, regular physical activity and a healthy diet.

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20
Q

risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

age (increase)
weight (obese)
lack of exercise
family history
smoking
hypertension

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21
Q

symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

frequent urination
increased thirst
fatigue
weight loss
blurred vision
slow healing of wounds

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22
Q

related health problems to type 2 diabetes

A

heart disease and stroke
eye problems
foot problems
kidney disease
nerve damage
thyroid disease

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23
Q

thermoregulation

A

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal temperature despite changes in the external environment.
negative feedback

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24
Q

thermoregulation is coordinated where

A

in the nervous system and the processes of temperature control are centred in the hypothalamus of the advanced animal brain.

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25
Q

whats the importance of the pituitary gland

A

acts as a major endocrine gland that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

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26
Q

how are birds and mammals are able to detect differences in temperature

A

specialised nerve called thermoreceptors
The thermoreceptors in the skin are called peripheral thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors inside the body are central thermoreceptors.

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27
Q

importance of hypothalamus in thermoregulation

A

The hypothalamus integrates signals from the peripheral and central thermoreceptors and initiates physiological and behavioural responses as a negative feedback mechanism to regulate body temperature.

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28
Q

what happens in cooler enviornment in terms of mechanisms of thermoregulation

A

The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to stimulate the thyroid gland.
The thyroid gland produces a hormone called thyroxin. The primary role of thyroxin is to increase the metabolic rate of body cells, which will result in more heat.
The production of TSH is an example of a negative feedback loop. The release of TSH is decreased and stopped if the levels of thyroxin produced are very high.
When the body temperature increases, signals from peripheral and central thermoreceptors stop the hypothalamus from producing TSH.

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28
Q

describe thermoregulation in humans in cold enviornment

A

-skeletal muscles repeated involuntary contractions= shivering, generates heat to raise body temp
-muscles in skin contract, makes hair in skin stand up trapping heat in the layer of air between the skin and the hair. This increases the insulating effect of body hair.
vasoconstriction, reduces blood flow in peripheral blood vessels, keeping blood close to the core and vital organs, conserving heat

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29
Q

describe thermoregulation in humans in hot enviornment

A

glands in the skin secrete sweat, when water in sweat evaporates carries heat out of the body, in a mechanism called evaporative cooling
vasodilation of blood vessels close to skin brings more blood to surface of body, blood carries heat to body surface to increase heat loss

30
Q

explain role of fat-storing adipose tissue

A

fat-storing adipose tissue also contributes to thermoregulation. Brown adipose tissue cells are full of mitochondria.

Normally, during aerobic respiration in mitochondria, monomers are broken down, and these energy-producing reactions are coupled with ATP production.
However, the mitochondria in brown adipose tissue cells can release energy without producing ATP, to increase body heat when it is cold outside. This process is called uncoupled respiration

31
Q

osmoregulation

A

The regulation of the body’s water balance and solute concentration to maintain homeostasis.

32
Q

whats the osmoregulation organs in mammals

A

kidneys

33
Q

what are the functions of the kidney

A

regulation of water and ion balance (osmoregulation)
removal of toxins and metabolic waste products (excretion)
production of hormones, and control of blood pressure

34
Q

nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidney that filters blood, reabsorbs useful substances and excretes waste products in the form of urine.

35
Q

blood enters the kidney through

A

renal artery, the top one

36
Q

bowmans capsule

A

A cup-shaped structure in the nephron of the kidney that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate.

Highly porous wall which collects the filtrate

37
Q

glomerolous

A

Knot-like capillary bed where high-pressure filtration takes place

38
Q

loop of henle

A

Hairpin shaped tube with a descending and ascending limb; water and salt reabsorption takes place here

39
Q

DCT distille convulated tubule

A

Another twisted section of the nephron, where water and salts are reabsorbed back into the blood; also contains many mitochondria and microvilli

40
Q

afferant arteriole

A

Brings blood from the renal artery

41
Q

PCT proximal convuluted tubule

A

Twisted section of the nephron where water, nutrients and salts are reabsorbed back into the blood; contains many mitochondria and microvilli

42
Q

collecting duct

A

A slightly wider tube that carries the filtrate to the renal pelvis

43
Q

efferent arteriole

A

A narrow blood vessel that restricts blood flow, which helps to generate the pressure needed for filtration

44
Q

receptor

A

detects stimulus and transforms it into electrical impulses, light repectors thermal receptos…

45
Q
A
46
Q

effector

A

perform the response through actions, muscles or glands

47
Q

response

A

cancels out stimulus (negative feedback) mechanism (cancels out the action caused by stimulus)

48
Q

homeostasis of body temp, description

A

thermoregulation= detected by thermal receptors in skin
control center= hypothalamus thermo regulatory centre

49
Q

what happens when body temp too low

A

skeletal muscle- shivering
arteriolr contraction- vasoconstriction
skin erector muscle- piloerection
all are bervous messengers

50
Q

what happens when body temp too high

A

sweat glands (endocrine)- sweating
arteriole relaxation (nervous)- vasodilation
thirst

51
Q

homeostasis of blood ph,description

A

detected by chemo receptors or ph receptors in aorta and carotid arteries
control center= medulla oblongata (brasin stem)

52
Q

what happens when blood ph too low

A

excess co2 in blood forms H2, co3 makes blood acidic
messenger are all nervous
diaphragm and intercostal muscle- increased ventilation

53
Q

homeostasis of blood glucose, description

A

glucoregulation
detected by chemoreceptors in the pancreas

control center= pancreas

54
Q

what happens when blood glucose too low

A

hypoglacaemia
glucagon (endorcirn- breaks down glycogen in liver or muscles into glucose

55
Q

what happens when blood glucose too high

A

hyperglacaemia, insulin (endocrine)- increase uptake of blood glucose by body cells store excess of blood glucose in liver or musckes glycogen

56
Q

description of homeostasis of blood osmolarity

A

osmoregulation, amount of solutes in a sovlent detected by osmoreceptors in collecting duct in nephron
control centre= hypothalamus (osmoregulatory centre) and posterior pituitary gland

57
Q

describe what happens when blood osmolarity too high

A

blood is hypteronic person is dehydrated
ADH (endocrine)- removes water from blood, urine more concentrated (darker in cokour) feeling of thirst

58
Q

describe the feedback mechanism

A

input ( stimulus produces a change)
process (change sensed by receptor and communicated to control centre)
output (control centre responds, there is an effect of the response)
feedback (output becomes new inout and cycle continues)

59
Q

negative feedback, description - homeostasis uses

A

cancels out output from the stimulus eg. thermoregulation, glucoregulation, omoregulation etc.

60
Q

positive feedback description

A

stimulates output from the stimulus eg. ontraction of uters by oxytocin milk ejection and production by prolaction and oxytocin

61
Q

ejestion

A

undigested material that has been ingested (faeces)
lack of enzyme cellulase necessary to break down fibre plant material

62
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste toxic products in excess produced by the metabolism (eg.urea= kideny co2= lungs sweat=skin)

63
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulation fo the volume of water in the blood by monitoring the blood solute conc (eg.nacl)

64
Q

kidneys

A

filtration unit, blood forms urine

65
Q

ureters

A

transports urine kidney to bladder

66
Q

bladder

A

holds urine

67
Q

urethre

A

excretes urine

68
Q

renal vein

A

above renal artery, carries balanced blood away from the kidney

69
Q

renal artery

A

below renal vein, thicker, carries unbalanced blood into kidney

70
Q

medulla

A

middle part of kidney
reabsorption of water

71
Q

pelvis

A

interior part, collecting ducts deliver urine to pelvis to be passed on to the ureter

72
Q

cortex

A

outer part of kidney
ultrafiltration selective reabsoprtion blood contents

73
Q
A

Bio IB (8 decks)

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